Does the report measure my Siberian ancestry?

It measures your Siberian-related share in its deep model, a resemblance to the ancient Siberian streams that reached north-eastern Europe from the Bronze Age on. It ranges from almost nothing in most Hungarians and Estonians to a few percent in Finns and a large part in the Mansi and Khanty. It is a measured share, never proof of an ethnic origin.

🦅 New report · Hungarian and Uralic origins

Turul

From the Carpathian Basin to the Urals, Era by Era

For Hungarians, Finns, Estonians, Karelians, the Sami, the peoples of the Volga and the Urals and the Mansi and Khanty, and for their families abroad. We model your DNA against the ancient regional core (the hunter-fishers of the northern forests and the first farmers of the Carpathian Basin, the Yamnaya and Corded Ware, Bolshoy Oleni Ostrov and the Siberian arrivals of the Bronze Age, the Iron Age of the Baltic, the Kama and the Urals, the Sarmatians, Huns and Avars of the Hungarian Plain, the Southern Urals horizon of the early Magyars, the Hungarian Conquerors and the medieval peoples) and non-regional outside admixture, measure your Siberian-related share, then show which of 14 communities is your closest reference, with an AI narrative.

🌲 Ancient regional core, from the Comb Ceramic to Corded Ware
🐎 Sarmatians, Huns, Avars and the Hungarian Conquest
❄️ Siberian-related share, measured honestly
🧬 Y-DNA & mtDNA (N1c, R1a, U5b1, Z...) in context
📊 7 periods, from the Deep past to the Middle Ages
🤖 Results interpreted by Claude AI, in 8 languages including Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian and Russian

⚠️ Designed for people with roots in the Uralic world and the Carpathian Basin. Works for any of the 14 communities: Hungarian, Western and Eastern Finnish, Estonian, Karelian and Veps, Sami, Mari, Udmurt, Komi, Mordvin, Chuvash, Volga Tatar, Bashkir and Ob-Ugric (Mansi and Khanty), and for families abroad (Hungarian-American, Finnish-American, Finnish-Canadian, Estonian-Canadian, Hungarian-Australian...). If your roots are in Austria, Czechia, Slovakia or Germany, Mitteleuropa describes you better; for Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Poland and the Baltic states see Sarmatia, for Kazakhs, Uzbeks and other Central Asians Turan, for Croatia, Serbia and Romania Balkan Frontier. If you are mostly of other ancestry, the fit will be poor and our Advanced Ancestry Report is a better choice. Not sure? The free Report Finder tells you.

Who it is for

Hungarians from Hungary and the neighbouring lands (Transylvania, southern Slovakia, Vojvodina, Transcarpathia), including the Szekely and the Csango, compared with the Hungarian reference.
Finns from the west and the east of Finland, Estonians, and Karelians and Veps of the Russian north-west.
The Sami of Norway, Sweden, Finland and the Kola Peninsula.
The Volga-Ural peoples: Mari, Udmurts and Besermyan, Komi, Erzya and Moksha Mordvins.
Their Turkic neighbours, the Chuvash, Volga Tatars and Bashkirs, and the Mansi and Khanty, the closest linguistic relatives of Hungarian.
Diaspora families in the Americas, Australia and elsewhere whose DNA is mostly Hungarian, Finnish or Estonian.

1. Choose your community

Pick the community your family comes from. Not sure, or mixed origins? Choose "Let the model decide" and we compare you to every community automatically. The result is always a closest reference, never a proven origin, and the period models always follow the half of the report that reproduces the regional part of your DNA best (the Carpathian Basin, or the Uralic north and east), which for a mixed family can differ from your single closest community.

Hungarian

Hungary and the Carpathian Basin: the only Uralic language of Central Europe, brought by the Hungarian Conquest of 895, spoken by a population whose ancestry is mostly shared with its Central European neighbours

Western Finnish (Southwest, Central and North Finland)

Western Finland (Finland Proper, Satakunta, Tavastia, Ostrobothnia and the North): the Finnic Iron Age of the coast and the interior, Swedish contacts across the Gulf of Bothnia

Eastern Finnish (East and Southeast Finland, Savo and Finnish Karelia)

Eastern Finland (Savo, North and South Karelia, Kymenlaakso): the eastern settlement of Finland, close to the Karelians, with the strong founder effects of the Finnish east

Estonian

Estonia: Baltic Finnic speakers of the eastern Baltic since at least the Iron Age, with Baltic, Scandinavian, German and Slavic contacts

Karelian and Veps

Karelia and the Veps lands between Lake Ladoga and Lake Onega: Baltic Finnic peoples of the Russian north-west

Sami (Norway, Sweden, Finland and Kola)

Sapmi, the land of the Sami across northern Norway, Sweden, Finland and the Kola Peninsula: reindeer herders, fishers and hunters with their own deep history

Mari

Mari El on the middle Volga: the Mari (Hill and Meadow Mari), a Finno-Ugric people of the Volga forests

Udmurt and Besermyan

Udmurtia between the Kama and the Vyatka: the Udmurts and the Besermyan, Permic speakers of the Cis-Urals

Komi

The Komi Republic in the north-east of European Russia: the Komi (Zyrians), Permic speakers of the Pechora and Vychegda basins

Mordvin (Erzya and Moksha)

Mordovia and the middle Volga: the Erzya and Moksha, the largest Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia

Chuvash

Chuvashia on the middle Volga: the Chuvash, whose language is the last living Oghur Turkic language, close to that of the Volga Bulgars

Volga Tatar (Kazan and Mishar)

Tatarstan and the middle Volga: the Kazan Tatars and the Mishar, Kipchak Turkic speakers whose ancestry also includes the Volga Bulgars and the Finno-Ugric peoples of the Volga

Bashkir

Bashkortostan and the Southern Urals: the Bashkirs, Kipchak Turkic speakers of the land where many researchers place the Magyar ancestral homeland

Ob-Ugric (Mansi and Khanty)

Western Siberia along the Ob and its tributaries: the Mansi and Khanty, the Ob-Ugric peoples, the closest linguistic relatives of Hungarian

🔎 Let the model decide (auto)

We detect which community you are genetically closest to.

What your report models, era by era

🦴 Deep ancestry

Baltic and Eastern hunter-gatherers, Anatolian farmers, steppe herders, the Ancient North Eurasians and two Siberian streams, with your measured Siberian-related share.

🌲 Neolithic and Copper Age

The Comb Ceramic hunter-fishers of the Baltic and Finland, the forest hunters of the Volga and the Kama, the first farmers of the Carpathian Basin, the Yamnaya of the Volga steppe and the Corded Ware people of the Final Neolithic.

⚱️ Bronze Age

Sintashta and Andronovo herders, Bolshoy Oleni Ostrov on the Kola Peninsula with the first Siberian-related arrivals in the north, the Seima-Turbino era, the Bronze Age of the Carpathian Basin and the Baltic, and Mezhovskaya in the Urals.

🛡️ Iron Age

Iron Age Estonia and Ostrobothnia, Ananyino and Pyanobor on the Kama, Sargatka in western Siberia, the Early Sarmatians of the Urals, and the Scythian-period and Celtic Carpathian Basin.

🏛️ Roman era

The Sarmatian Iazyges of the Hungarian Plain, Roman Pannonia, the Baltic Finnic Iron Age of Ingria, Late Sargatka and the Mazunino culture of the Kama.

🐎 Migration period

Levanluhta in western Finland, the Huns, Gepids and Avars of the Carpathian Basin (their East Asian-mixed elites as outside proxies), and the Southern Urals horizon where many researchers place the Magyar homeland.

🦅 Medieval

The Hungarian Conquerors of 895 and the Arpad age, medieval Finland and Estonia, the Volga Bulgars, the Chiyalik culture and medieval western Siberia, with Swedish, Slavic and Golden Horde proxies.

🧭 Later layers

Ancestry that reached the north and the Volga after each early period (Siberian-related ancestry of the forest zone, the medieval Turkic steppe) is shown as a clearly labelled later layer, so that the ancient populations themselves are read correctly.

🧬 Closest communities and lineages

Which of the 14 communities your DNA most closely resembles, ranked by distance, and your paternal and maternal haplogroups in context (N1c and its Finnic and Ugric branches, R1a, I2a-Din; maternal U5b1, V, Z, D, H), always as one line among thousands of ancestors.

102 reference populations

Your DNA is modelled against ancient populations of the Uralic world and the Carpathian Basin, modern community reference populations, and non-regional outside proxies (later layers, Scandinavian, Hun, Avar, Slavic and steppe sources).

Amerindian proxy

Amerindian (North) proxy · Amerindian (South) proxy

Asian host

Central Asian Turkic (Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Nogai)

Bronze Age sources

Bolshoy Oleni Ostrov, Kola Peninsula (c. 1800-1500 BC), the first Siberian-related arrivals in the far north · Carpathian Basin Bronze Age (Mako, Nagyrev, Kisapostag, Vatya, Fuzesabony, Maros, Tumulus and Urnfield; c. 2500-900 BC) · Corded Ware and Fatyanovo, the first steppe-related farmers of the eastern Baltic and the Upper Volga (c. 2900-2300 BC) · Late Bronze Age of the eastern Baltic (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; c. 1200-500 BC) · Later layer: medieval Turkic steppe ancestry (Kipchak and Golden Horde), Bronze Age model · Later layer: Siberian-related ancestry of the forest zone (Nganasan-like), Bronze Age model · Mezhovskaya and Maklasheevka, Late Bronze Age forest-steppe of the Urals and the Kama (c. 1300-900 BC) · Scandinavians of the Bronze and Iron Ages (Iron Age Sweden and Norway; non-regional proxy), Bronze Age model · Seima-Turbino-period western Siberia (Satyga, Rostovka; c. 2500-1900 BC) · Sintashta, Srubnaya and Andronovo-horizon herders of the Volga-Ural steppe (c. 2100-1400 BC) · Yoruba Bronze Age proxy (West African)

Deep ancestral sources

Anatolian Neolithic farmer · Ancient North Eurasians (ANE: Mal'ta, Afontova Gora) · Baltic and Danubian hunter-gatherers (Western Hunter-Gatherer-related: Zvejnieki, Kunda, Latvia and Lithuania Mesolithic) · Caucasus Hunter-Gatherer (CHG, Kotias) · Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHG: Yuzhniy Oleniy Ostrov in Karelia, Samara, Sidelkino, Minino) · Nganasan-like Siberian stream (Late Neolithic and Bronze Age Yakutia and the Yenisei: Ymyyakhtakh, Kolyma, Tatarka Hill) · Siberian forager stream, Ancient Northeast Asian (Baikal Neolithic: Shamanka, Lokomotiv, Fofonovo, Kitoi) · Steppe pastoralist (Yamnaya, Samara) · Yoruba (West African proxy)

European host

NW European · Scandinavian (Swedish, Norwegian) · West European

Iron Age sources

Ananyino and Pyanobor horizon, Iron Age of the Kama and the Cis-Urals (c. 600 BC - AD 300) · Early Sarmatians of the Southern Urals (Prokhorovka horizon, c. 500-100 BC) · Iron Age Estonia and Ostrobothnia, the Baltic Finnic coast (tarand graves of Estonia, Kaldamaki; c. 650-150 BC) · La Tene Celts of the Carpathian Basin (c. 400-50 BC) · Later layer: medieval Turkic steppe ancestry (Kipchak and Golden Horde), Iron Age model · Later layer: Siberian-related ancestry of the forest zone (Nganasan-like), Iron Age model · Sargatka, Iron Age forest-steppe of western Siberia (c. 500-100 BC) · Scandinavians of the Bronze and Iron Ages (Iron Age Sweden and Norway; non-regional proxy), Iron Age model · Scythian-period Carpathian Basin (Mezocsat, Vekerzug, Scythians of the Great Hungarian Plain; c. 800-300 BC) · Yoruba Iron Age proxy (West African)

Medieval sources

Chiyalik culture of the Cis-Urals (11th-14th c.) · Conquest-period and Arpad-age commoners of the Carpathian Basin (10th-13th c.) · Golden Horde and Kipchak steppe (non-regional proxy) · Historical Sami of Kola and Kuusamo (16th-18th c.) · Hungarian Conquerors of Early Magyar profile (10th c., the incomers nearest the Southern Urals horizon) · Medieval East Slavs (Rus heartland: Smolensk, Pskov, Vologda, Vladimir; non-regional proxy) · Medieval Estonia (11th-15th c.) · Medieval Finland (Tampere and Pirkanmaa, 12th-15th c.) · Medieval Slavs of the Carpathians and the Balkans (Croatia, Slovakia, Galicia; non-regional proxy) · Medieval Volga-Oka Finnic lands (Shekshovo, Gorokhovets, Krasnoe; 9th-13th c.) · Medieval western Siberia (Ust-Ishim on the Irtysh, 11th-17th c.) · Polom and Lomovatovo, early medieval Udmurt and Perm lands (10th c.) · Viking Age and medieval Swedes (Salme in Estonia, Sigtuna; non-regional proxy) · Volga Bulgars (Tatarstan and Ulyanovsk, 10th-13th c.) · Yoruba Medieval proxy (West African)

Migration-period sources

Avar-period Carpathian Basin, local and European profile (568-800) · Avars, Eurasian steppe elite (East Asian and East Asian-mixed profiles, 568-800; non-regional proxy) · Baltic Finnic Migration-period Iron Age (Ostrobothnia and Ingria, AD 40-480) · Early medieval western Siberia (Nizhneobskaya, Potchevash; 4th-9th c.) · Gepids and Lombards, Germanic-period Carpathian Basin (5th-6th c.) · Hun-period Carpathian Basin, local profile (5th c.) · Huns and steppe nomads (steppe and East Asian-mixed profiles, 5th c.; non-regional proxy) · Kushnarenkovo and Karayakupovo, early medieval Southern Urals (6th-9th c.), the proposed Magyar ancestral horizon · Levanluhta, Iron Age western Finland (c. AD 550), Sami-related profile · Nevolino and Bolshie Tigany, forest-steppe of the Kama and Perm (6th-9th c.) · Scandinavians of the Bronze and Iron Ages (Iron Age Sweden and Norway; non-regional proxy), Migration-period model · Yoruba Late Antiquity proxy (West African)

Modern Uralic and Volga communities

Bashkir · Chuvash · Eastern Finnish (East and Southeast Finland, Savo and Finnish Karelia) · Estonian · Hungarian · Karelian and Veps · Komi · Mari · Mordvin (Erzya and Moksha) · Ob-Ugric (Mansi and Khanty) · Sami (Norway, Sweden, Finland and Kola) · Udmurt and Besermyan · Volga Tatar (Kazan and Mishar) · Western Finnish (Southwest, Central and North Finland)

Neolithic and Copper Age sources

Carpathian Basin farmers of the Neolithic and Copper Age (Koros, Starcevo, Alfold Linear Pottery, Tisza, Lengyel, Tiszapolgar, Baden; c. 6000-2800 BC) · Corded Ware of the eastern Baltic and Fatyanovo, the Final Neolithic arrival of steppe-related farmers (c. 2900-2300 BC) · Forest hunter-gatherers of the Upper Volga and the Kama (Lyalovo, Volosovo, Murzikha; c. 5000-2800 BC) · Later layer: Siberian-related ancestry of the forest zone (Nganasan-like), Neolithic model · Narva and Comb Ceramic hunter-fishers of the eastern Baltic (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; c. 5000-3200 BC) · West Siberian forest hunter-gatherers (Comb-Pit Ware of the Irtysh and the Ob; c. 4500-2800 BC) · Yamnaya herders of the Volga-Ural steppe and the Great Hungarian Plain (Samara, Orenburg, Chelyabinsk, Hungary; c. 3300-2600 BC) · Yoruba Neolithic proxy (West African)

Proxies for ancestry from outside the region (mixed profiles only)

Armenian proxy (modern; non-regional proxy for ancestry from outside the region) · Ashkenazi Jewish proxy (modern; non-regional proxy for ancestry from outside the region) · Levantine proxy (modern Lebanese Christian; non-regional proxy for ancestry from outside the region) · North Caucasian proxy (modern Circassian; non-regional proxy for ancestry from outside the region) · South-eastern European proxy (modern Balkan and Aegean; non-regional proxy for ancestry from outside the region) · South-western European proxy (modern Iberian; non-regional proxy for ancestry from outside the region) · Southern European proxy (modern Italian; non-regional proxy for ancestry from outside the region)

Roman-era sources

Baltic Finnic Roman Iron Age (Ingria and Ostrobothnia, AD 40-480) · Late Sargatka of the Tobol and the Irtysh (c. 100 BC - AD 300) · Later layer: medieval Turkic steppe ancestry (Kipchak and Golden Horde), Roman-era model · Later layer: Siberian-related ancestry of the forest zone (Nganasan-like), Roman-era model · Mazunino culture of the Kama and the Belaya (c. AD 200-500) · Roman Pannonia and the Danube frontier (Mursa, Klosterneuburg; 1st-4th c.) · Sarmatian-period Great Hungarian Plain (Iazyges and the local population, c. AD 100-400) · Sarmatians of the Volga and the Pontic-Caspian steppe (c. 100 BC - AD 400) · Scandinavians of the Bronze and Iron Ages (Iron Age Sweden and Norway; non-regional proxy), Roman-era model · Yoruba Classical proxy (West African)

How it works, and its limits

🔬 How to read your results (please read)

Your result is computed by genetic similarity (Global25): we place your DNA in a 25-dimension genetic space and find the mixture of reference populations that best reproduces your profile, era by era. The reference populations use G25 coordinates built from published ancient-DNA studies and modern reference samples; none of our reference data is simulated.

Language and genes do not match one to one. Hungarians speak a Uralic language but are genetically mostly Central European; Finns and Estonians carry a distinct Siberian-related share in different amounts; the Sami have their own deep history; the Turkic-speaking Chuvash, Tatars and Bashkirs carry much ancestry from the Finno-Ugric peoples of the Volga. A Siberian-related share, an N1c haplogroup or a Conqueror share is a measured resemblance, never proof of an ethnic origin.

Reference populations are statistical proxies: "Hungarian Conquerors of Early Magyar profile" or "Levanluhta" means a few dozen individuals or fewer sampled at a handful of sites, not a whole people. Most modern Hungarians carry only a small share of Conqueror-period East Eurasian ancestry, and the report says so plainly. Some peoples have few or no ancient genomes yet (no Iron Age Sami, no ancient Mari): the report says when this matters for you.

Why one report for such distant peoples? Because their languages share one origin, and their histories met again and again, on the Volga, in the Urals and on the Hungarian Plain. Genetically they form two halves far apart, the Carpathian Basin and the Uralic north and east, so each period is modelled with the references of the half that reproduces the regional part of your DNA best. If part of your family comes from elsewhere (Mediterranean, Western European...), the report says so and reads the regional part.

Free check · no email needed

Is Turul right for your DNA?

Paste your G25 coordinates or drop your raw DNA file. We run the same fit test as our free Report Finder, for Turul only, and show you your verdict, your regional core and your 3 closest communities before you spend anything.

Click or drop your raw DNA file here 23andMe, AncestryDNA, MyHeritage, FTDNA, LivingDNA or a chip VCF (Genotek, Atlas): .txt, .csv, .vcf, .zip or .gz

A raw file takes 1 to 3 minutes: we first estimate your G25 coordinates from it.

🔒 Your file is processed for this check only and immediately deleted.

⚠️ Designed for people with roots in the Uralic world and the Carpathian Basin (including families abroad). If you are mostly of other ancestry, the models are calibrated for regional profiles and the fit will be poor.

Get your Turul report

Select your community above, then confirm your email. We send you a secure link to upload your DNA (raw file or G25 coordinates) and generate your personalised report.

Your name (on the report)

Email (for the paid PDF)

Report language

Discount code (optional)

I accept to receive emails from Explore Your DNA (optional)

Secure checkout after email verification. Your DNA is processed automatically and deleted; no human sees it.

📖 What is raw DNA & G25?

Explore these populations in our free Population Genetics Atlas

No DNA file needed. Each free page shows a population's ancient make-up, its closest modern and ancient neighbours, and ancient DNA from the same country when we have some.

See the Northern Europe section of the atlas Browse the full atlas (335 populations)

Frequently asked questions

Who is the Turul report for?

It is built for people with roots in the Uralic world and the Carpathian Basin: Hungarians (including the Szekely and the Csango), Finns, Estonians, Karelians and Veps, the Sami, the Mari, Udmurts, Komi and Mordvins, the Chuvash, Volga Tatars and Bashkirs, and the Mansi and Khanty, across 14 communities. Families of Hungarian, Finnish or Estonian descent abroad can use it too. For other ancestry the Advanced Ancestry Report works better.

Hungarian is a Uralic language. Are Hungarians genetically close to Finns?

No, and the report says so plainly. Language and genes do not match one to one. The Hungarian language arrived with the Conquest of 895, but most of the ancestry of Hungarians today is shared with their Central European neighbours. Ancient DNA shows that the Conquerors were themselves a mixed group, with an Ugric and steppe-related core linked to the Southern Urals, and that most modern Hungarians carry only a small share of their East Eurasian ancestry.

Will it tell me how much Hungarian Conqueror ancestry I have?

It measures your resemblance to the 10th-century Conquerors of Early Magyar profile in its Medieval model, next to the Arpad-age commoners, who already carried the mixed population of the Conquest period. For most Hungarians that Conqueror share is small or close to zero, and the report never inflates it. It never claims descent from Arpad, a tribe or a named family.

What is the Siberian-related share?

A measured resemblance to ancient Siberian populations in the report's deep model. Ancient DNA shows that this ancestry reached north-eastern Europe from the Bronze Age on, first seen at Bolshoy Oleni Ostrov on the Kola Peninsula, about 1800-1500 BC. It ranges from almost nothing in most Hungarians and Estonians to a few percent in Finns, more among the Sami and the Volga peoples, and a large part among the Mansi and Khanty. It is never proof of an ethnic origin.

How precise is the community match?

The 14 communities are genetically more distinct from one another than the regions of one country, but neighbours overlap (Western Finns, Eastern Finns and Karelians; Udmurts and Komi; Sami and Komi), so the closest community is a closest reference and not a proven origin. When two or more communities are tied, the report says so.

Not sure it fits me. Can I check first?

Yes. The free Report Finder reads your raw DNA file (or your G25) and tells you honestly whether Turul is a good match for you, before you spend anything.

Do I need to have taken a DNA test already?

Yes. Upload your raw DNA file from 23andMe, AncestryDNA, MyHeritage, FamilyTreeDNA or LivingDNA, or paste your G25 coordinates.

How much does it cost and what do I get?

€15. A full PDF report with your ancient regional core %, non-regional outside admixture breakdown, your Siberian-related share, seven period-by-period breakdowns, closest modern community reference populations, Y-DNA and mtDNA haplogroups (if raw file provided), and a narrative interpreted by Claude AI, in English, Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian, Russian, German, French or Spanish.

A DNA report for Hungarian and Uralic ancestry

Turul is a G25 ancestry report built for people with roots in the Uralic world and the Carpathian Basin. Upload your raw DNA file from 23andMe, AncestryDNA, MyHeritage or FamilyTreeDNA, pick your community, and we model your genome against the ancient regional core plus non-regional outside admixture, era by era, from the first hunters to the Middle Ages.

Whether your family is Hungarian or Szekely, Finnish from the west or the east, Estonian, Karelian, Sami, Mari, Udmurt, Komi, Erzya or Moksha, Chuvash, Tatar, Bashkir, Mansi or Khanty, Turul models the genetic layers of your history, from the Comb Ceramic hunter-fishers and the first farmers of the Hungarian Plain to the Corded Ware, the Siberian arrivals of the Bronze Age, the Sarmatians, Huns and Avars, and the Hungarian Conquest.

The report uses the Global25 (G25) system developed by geneticist Davidski, placing your DNA in a 25-dimension genetic space alongside ancient and modern reference populations built from published ancient-DNA studies.

👁 Sample reports

See three real Turul reports

Full example reports, flip through every page: cover, regional core, the seven periods, closest communities and the AI narrative.

PDF

🇭🇺 Hungarian sample

A Hungarian profile: the Carpathian Basin from the first farmers to the Scythians, Sarmatians, Huns and Avars, the Hungarian Conquest and the Arpad age, read honestly against the small Conqueror share.

PDF

🇫🇮 Finnish sample

A Finnish profile: the Comb Ceramic hunter-fishers, Corded Ware, Bolshoy Oleni Ostrov and the Siberian-related share, the Iron Age of the Finnic coast, Levanluhta and medieval Finland.

PDF

🌲 Udmurt sample

A Udmurt profile: the forest hunter-gatherers of the Kama, the Bronze Age steppe and Siberia, Ananyino, Pyanobor and Mazunino, the Volga Bulgars and the medieval Cis-Urals.