Ancient DNA from United Kingdom

Main archaeological groups: England Cambridgeshire Medieval (148), England MIA (100), England Cambridgeshire Medieval EarlyModern (90), England Saxon (84), England EarlyMedieval Saxon (83).
Most frequent Y-DNA lines: R1b (384), I2a (184), I1 (26), I1a (25), CT (13), R1a (11).
Most frequent mtDNA lines: U5b (89), K1a (86), J1c (72), U5a (61), H2a (39), H1 (35).

📊 How United Kingdom's DNA changed over 10,000 years: hunter-gatherers, farmers, steppe herders and later arrivals, period by period.

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Period by period

Excavation sites

• Cambridgeshire 247, AD 1250 to AD 1725
• Hazleton North 70, 3,981 BC to 3,466 BC
• West Heslerton 54, 1,850 BC to AD 500
• Winterbourne Kingston 54, 638 BC to AD 458
• Pocklington 31, 471 BC to AD 600
• Yarnton 27, 2,265 BC to 251 BC
• East Kent Access Road 24, 1,473 BC to AD 196
• Oakington 24, AD 471 to AD 750
• Cliffs End Farm 21, 948 BC to 275 BC
• Links of Noltland 21, 1,654 BC to 1,431 BC
• St John's College Oxford 21, AD 925
• Amesbury Down 20, 2,378 BC to 132 BC
• Sedgeford 20, AD 750
• Worth Matravers 20, AD 164 to AD 698
• Hatherdene 18, AD 750
• Raschoille Cave 17, 3,650 BC to 3,048 BC
• Isbister 16, 3,199 BC to 2,483 BC
• Lakenheath 16, AD 463 to AD 750
• Carsington Pasture Cave 15, 3,583 BC to 275 BC
• Fin Cop Hillfort 14, 281 BC to 142 BC
• Ham Hill 14, 300 BC to 93 BC
• Rowbarrow 12, 1,479 BC to 402 BC
• Trumpington Meadows 12, 3,689 BC to 272 BC
• Biddenham Loop 11, 1,399 BC to 1,083 BC
• Covesea Caves 11, 1,977 BC to 860 BC
• Danebury 11, 469 BC to 164 BC
• Ridgeway Hill Mass Grave 11, AD 1000
• Apple Down 10, AD 500 to AD 650
• Broxmouth 10, 545 BC to AD 34
• Norton East Mill/Bishops Mill 10, AD 550 to AD 750
• Suddern Farm 10, 317 BC to 129 BC
• Dibbles Farm 9, 361 BC to 101 BC
• Gravelly Guy 9, 283 BC to 211 BC
• Harlyn Bay 9, 2,156 BC to 379 BC
• Polhill 9, AD 750
• Rookery Hill 9, AD 600
• Thame 9, 324 BC to 249 BC
• Hinxton Quarry 8, 31 BC to AD 793
• Holm of Papa Westray North 8, 3,447 BC to 3,210 BC
• Over Narrows 8, 2,092 BC to 1,356 BC
• Trethellan Farm 8, 100 BC
• Blackberry Field 7, 979 BC to 636 BC
• Driffield Terrace 7, AD 200
• Wattle Syke 7, 274 BC to 25 BC
• Worlebury 7, 225 BC to 117 BC
• 3 Barrow Sites 6, 2,000 BC to 1,950 BC
• Banks tomb 6, 3,254 BC to 2,951 BC
• Distillery Cave 6, 3,687 BC to 3,444 BC
• East Coast Pipeline 6, 288 BC to 20 BC
• Eastry 6, AD 650 to AD 750
• Ely 6, AD 750
• Norwich 6, AD 1166 to AD 1200
• Whitehawk 6, 3,575 BC
• Applecross 5, 45 BC to AD 79
• Aveline's Hole 5, 8,596 BC to 3,576 BC
• Battlesbury Bowl 5, 215 BC to 108 BC
• Embo 5, 3,180 BC to 3,150 BC
• Hollow Banks 5, AD 484 to AD 572
• Melton Quarry 5, 1,784 BC to 25 BC
• Raven Scar Cave 5, 1,000 BC
• Broom Quarry 4, 333 BC to 277 BC
• Buckquoy 4, AD 490 to AD 950
• Crantock 4, AD 700
• Fussell's Lodge 4, 3,700 BC
• Law Road 4, 119 BC to AD 30
• Lechlade Memorial Hall/Skate Park 4, 2,187 BC to 441 BC
• Point of Cott 4, 3,621 BC to 3,223 BC
• Tancred Quarry 4, 98 BC to 23 BC
• Thanet 4, 1,992 BC to 1,812 BC
• Winnall Down 4, 295 BC to 250 BC
• Wolverton 4, AD 626 to AD 687
• Banbury Lane 3, 3,250 BC
• Bottle Knap 3, 642 BC to 537 BC
• Brough Road Birsay 3, AD 361 to AD 1020
• Bu 3, 307 BC to 300 BC
• Carding Mill Bay II 3, 3,601 BC to 3,498 BC
• Casterley Camp 3, 215 BC to 145 BC
• Clay Farm 3, 1,357 BC to 1,321 BC
• Cleevelands 3, AD 125
• Culver Hole Cave 3, 1,400 BC to 694 BC
• Dinorben 3, 276 BC
• Evergreen 3, 1,411 BC to 1,274 BC
• Knowe of Skea 3, 112 BC to AD 125
• Lincoln Castle 3, AD 1064 to AD 1094
• Llanmaes 3, 92 BC to 75 BC
• Low Hauxley 3, 2,356 BC to 1,721 BC
• Margett's Pit 3, 1,273 BC to 1,136 BC
• Marshall's Jaguar Land Rover New Showroom 3, 288 BC to 278 BC
• Meare Lake Village West 3, 458 BC to 300 BC
• New Buildings 3, 600 BC to 465 BC
• Newark Deerness 3, AD 925 to AD 950
• Ogof-Yr-Ychen 3, 7,630 BC to 3,583 BC
• Slonk Hill 3, 399 BC to AD 100
• Spring Road cemetery 3, 2,298 BC
• Thurston Mains 3, 2,225 BC to 2,125 BC
• Totty Pot 3, 3,200 BC to 2,530 BC
• Tregunnel 3, 250 BC
• Tulach an t'Sionnach 3, 3,617 BC
• Tulloch of Assery B 3, 3,689 BC
• Windmill Fields 3, 2,120 BC to 2,080 BC
• Balintore 2, 3,236 BC to AD 480
• Barton-Stacey Pipeline 2, 2,123 BC to 309 BC
• Bradley Fen 2, 279 BC to 277 BC
• Burn Ground 2, 3,831 BC
• Canada Farm 2, 2,383 BC to 1,436 BC
• Cissbury 2, 3,566 BC
• Clachaig 2, 3,448 BC
• Cnoc Coig 2, 4,340 BC
• Coldrum 2, 3,350 BC
• Coneypark Cairn 2, 2,039 BC
• Ditchling Road 2, 2,171 BC to 2,025 BC
• Dryburn Bridge 2, 2,163 BC to 2,068 BC
• East Coast Pipeline 2, 1,820 BC to 1,809 BC
• Elbolton Cave 2, 3,750 BC to 1,475 BC
• Eton Rowing Course 2, 3,447 BC to 3,125 BC
• Flying School 2, 2,300 BC
• Fox Holes Cave 2, 3,750 BC to AD 725
• Gough's Cave 2, 8,330 BC
• Great Orme 2, 1,613 BC to 1,327 BC
• Greystones Farm 2, 101 BC

And 113 smaller sites.

Source: Allen Ancient DNA Resource v66 (Mallick et al. 2024), individuals with a date and coordinates; samples the AADR flags as misdated are left out. Group names are those of the original studies. Haplogroups are shown when they could be read from the ancient DNA.