Ancient DNA from Russia

Main archaeological groups: Russia Saratov Eneolithic Khvalynsk (47), Russia Samara EBA Yamnaya (46), Russia Chelyabinsk MLBA Sintashta (43), Russia Samara Eneolithic Ekaterinovka (42), Russia MBA Caucasus (41).
Most frequent Y-DNA lines: R1b (335), R1a (179), Q1b (139), Q1a (77), N1a (75), C2a (59).
Most frequent mtDNA lines: U5a (245), U2e (119), U4a (107), T2a (48), U5b (46), C4a (42).

📊 How Russia's DNA changed over 10,000 years: hunter-gatherers, farmers, steppe herders and later arrivals, period by period.

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Period by period

Excavation sites

• Sakhtysh-2a 54, 5,573 BC to 3,312 BC
• Ekaterinovskiy-Mys 52, 5,413 BC to 2,703 BC
• Kamenny-Ambar-5 52, 1,920 BC to 1,750 BC
• Krivyansky-9 38, 4,307 BC to 2,547 BC
• Khvalynsk-2 35, 5,249 BC to 4,425 BC
• Nepluyevsky Barrow Necropolis 31, 1,833 BC to 1,685 BC
• Murzikha-2 27, 4,627 BC to 3,808 BC
• Ekven 25, 112 BC to AD 1340
• Boismana-2 21, 5,287 BC to 3,655 BC
• Rostovka 21, 2,099 BC to 1,827 BC
• Yuzhny Oleniy Ostrov 21, 6,500 BC to 5,250 BC
• Karasuk-3 19, 2,761 BC to 2,529 BC
• Orak 19, 1,650 BC to 1,441 BC
• Tuzovskie-Bugry-1 19, 3,978 BC to 3,422 BC
• Borovyanka-17 18, 4,218 BC to AD 1818
• Shamanka-2 17, 5,994 BC to 2,090 BC
• Staraya-Ladoga 17, AD 900 to AD 1100
• Bolshoy-Oleniy-Ostrov 16, 1,790 BC to 893 BC
• Ust'-Belaya 16, 5,085 BC to 2,515 BC
• Okunevo burials 14, 4,080 BC to 1,875 BC
• Komsomolec 1-Marfa 13, 3,219 BC to 2,639 BC
• Aymyrlyg 12, 273 BC to 269 BC
• Fofonovo 12, 5,931 BC to 2,189 BC
• Golubaya-Krinitsa 12, 5,597 BC to 5,324 BC
• Afanasieva Gora 11, 2,987 BC to 2,500 BC
• Bitiya 11, 357 BC to 200 BC
• Firsovo-11 11, 5,625 BC to 5,415 BC
• Gnezdovo 11, AD 1000
• Khaptsagai 11, 2,084 BC to 1,664 BC
• Timofeyevka 11, 2,742 BC to 2,350 BC
• Dlinnaya-Polyana 10, 3,600 BC to 3,090 BC
• Itkul 10, 5,515 BC to 3,500 BC
• Karavaikha 10, 6,506 BC to 5,508 BC
• Khlopkov-Bugor 10, 5,131 BC to 5,092 BC
• Khvalynsk-1 10, 4,881 BC to 4,425 BC
• Kiziliskiy 10, 2,776 BC to 2,759 BC
• Lopatino 10, 3,134 BC to 2,770 BC
• Ust'-Isha 10, 5,515 BC to 3,870 BC
• Vengerovo-2 10, 6,028 BC to 2,294 BC
• Zuevy-Klyuchi-2 10, AD 1229 to AD 1353
• Berezhnovka-2 9, 4,830 BC to 2,921 BC
• Bolshoye-Davydovskoye-2 9, AD 188 to AD 373
• Ergeninskiy-1 9, 2,650 BC to 2,238 BC
• Glazkovo 9, 5,972 BC to 2,480 BC
• Kazburun-1 9, 1,804 BC to 1,640 BC
• Minino 1 9, 8,966 BC to 855 BC
• S'yezzheye 9, 5,475 BC to 4,791 BC
• Shekshovo-9 9, AD 841 to AD 1348
• Shushuk-50 9, 1,575 BC to 1,346 BC
• Uelgi 9, AD 850 to AD 1000
• Vasilyevskiy kordon-17 9, 5,303 BC to 3,748 BC
• Afontova-Gora 8, 16,086 BC to 869 BC
• Boykoponura 8, 2,950 BC to 2,162 BC
• Grachevka-2 8, 3,101 BC to 2,204 BC
• Grishkin-Log-1 8, 900 BC to 867 BC
• Il'movaya-Pad' 8, 112 BC to AD 1050
• Nikultsino 8, 2,696 BC to 2,480 BC
• Nizhny-Tyumechin-1 8, 3,000 BC to 2,922 BC
• Sosnovy-Mys 8, 5,633 BC to 2,725 BC
• Tsatsa 8, 2,900 BC to 2,614 BC
• Ust'-Ida 8, 3,667 BC to 2,180 BC
• Verkhny-Askiz 8, 2,350 BC to 2,009 BC
• Bolshie-Tigany 7, AD 900
• Brusyany 7, AD 700 to AD 800
• Chumysh-Perekat-1 7, 6,632 BC to 1,547 BC
• Elo-1 7, 3,108 BC to 2,947 BC
• Ginchi 7, 2,320 BC to 1,612 BC
• Gulyukovo 7, AD 1085 to AD 1150
• Krasikovo 7, 2,808 BC to 2,671 BC
• Kurganny-1 7, 4,234 BC to 2,538 BC
• Maksimovka-1 7, 4,014 BC to 3,667 BC
• Nizhnaya-Orlyanka-1 7, 3,071 BC to 2,568 BC
• Nizhne-Khozyatovo 7, AD 1267 to AD 1350
• Tankeevka 7, AD 1000
• Vesely 7, 2,894 BC to 2,724 BC
• Arapachin Kurgan 6, 2,772 BC to 2,731 BC
• Birsk 2 6, AD 500
• Chograyskiy 6, 2,950 BC to AD 1250
• Denisova-Cave 6, 108,500 BC to 61,950 BC
• Devil's-Gate-Cave 6, 5,709 BC to 5,558 BC
• Essentukskiy-1 6, 3,575 BC to 1,037 BC
• Lebyazhinka 6, 5,594 BC to 2,965 BC
• Maryinskaya-5 6, 3,500 BC to 2,665 BC
• Spiridonovka-4 6, 1,850 BC to 1,525 BC
• Temrta-4 6, 2,763 BC to 2,650 BC
• Uelen 6, 786 BC to AD 1155
• Uybat-5 6, 2,567 BC to 2,023 BC
• Zaragizh 6, AD 437
• Aygurskiy-2 5, 4,200 BC to 2,090 BC
• Chograi-2 5, 2,652 BC
• Ivanov-Mys-1 5, AD 1000
• Karanayevo 5, AD 950
• Kipchakovo 5, 250 BC
• Krasnogvardeyskoe 5, 2,944 BC to 1,338 BC
• Krestovyi 5, 2,900 BC to 2,664 BC
• Kytmanovo 5, 1,678 BC to AD 824
• Marinskaya-5 5, 3,715 BC to 821 BC
• Mergen-6 5, 6,960 BC to 6,160 BC
• Novinki 5, AD 700 to AD 800
• Sabinka-2 5, 1,473 BC to 298 BC
• Sharakhalsun-6 5, 3,447 BC to 2,368 BC
• Starokirgizovo 5, 101 BC to 17 BC
• Sunghir 5, 32,679 BC to AD 1137
• Voronkovo 5, 2,748 BC to 2,515 BC
• Balkin 4, 2,765 BC to 2,750 BC
• Beltyry 4, 2,850 BC to 2,735 BC
• Boyasky 4, AD 378 to AD 414
• Chebotarev-5 4, 350 BC
• Evdyk-1 4, 2,950 BC to 2,912 BC
• Inskoy-Dol 4, 2,900 BC to 2,700 BC
• Ipatovo-3 4, 3,486 BC to 2,548 BC
• Kerstovo-1 4, AD 39 to AD 125
• Kideksha 4, AD 1414 to AD 1772
• Kostenkova-Izbushka 4, 6,136 BC to 3,184 BC
• Ksizovo-6 4, 5,102 BC to 2,612 BC
• Kutuluk 4, 3,053 BC to 2,660 BC
• Leschevo 4, 2,993 BC to 2,982 BC
• Minino-2 4, 8,707 BC to 5,605 BC
• Mokro-Chaltyrsky-1 4, 2,952 BC to 2,800 BC
• Muradym-8 4, 1,805 BC to 1,583 BC

And 310 smaller sites.

Source: Allen Ancient DNA Resource v66 (Mallick et al. 2024), individuals with a date and coordinates; samples the AADR flags as misdated are left out. Group names are those of the original studies. Haplogroups are shown when they could be read from the ancient DNA.