Ancient DNA from Portugal

Main archaeological groups: Portugal KingdomOfPortugal (26), Portugal C (14), Portugal BA (13), Portugal N (10), Portugal Islamic (9).
Most frequent Y-DNA lines: I2a (24), R1b (23), E1b (5), I (3), J1a (3), CT (2).
Most frequent mtDNA lines: U5b (10), H1 (3), H1e (3), J1c (3), J2b (3), K1a (3).

📊 How Portugal's DNA changed over 10,000 years: hunter-gatherers, farmers, steppe herders and later arrivals, period by period.

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Period by period

Excavation sites

• Santarém - Rua dos Barcos 12, AD 1150 to AD 1350
• Leiria - Cova das Lapas 11, 3,075 BC
• Miroiço 8, AD 341 to AD 549
• Castelo de Montemor o Velho 7, AD 1750
• Torre Velha 7, AD 1150
• Castro de Avelãs - Torre Velha 6, AD 600 to AD 1150
• Monte da Cabida 6, AD 1150
• São Miguel de Odrinhas 6, AD 1300 to AD 1350
• Cabeço da Arruda I 4, 3,100 BC
• Cova da Moura 4, 2,900 BC to 2,208 BC
• Guarda - Prazo 4, AD 750 to AD 1250
• Loulé - Quinta da Boavista 4, AD 1200 to AD 1350
• Lugar do Canto 4, 4,000 BC
• Bolores 3, 2,700 BC
• Idanha-a-Velha - Porta Norte 3, AD 325 to AD 400
• Monte da Cabida 3 3, 1,950 BC
• Monte da Nora 3, AD 772 to AD 834
• Santarém - Islamic Necropolis 3, AD 850
• Verdelha dos Ruivos 3, 2,685 BC to 2,500 BC
• Conimbriga 2, AD 350 to AD 363
• Galeria da Cisterna 2, 2,314 BC to 2,293 BC
• Gruta do Caldeirão 2, 5,352 BC to 5,140 BC
• Gruta do Medronhal 2, 950 BC
• Gruta_do_Caldeirão 2, AD 853 to AD 872
• Idanha-a-Velha - Porta Sul 2, AD 325 to AD 400
• Lorga de Dine 2, 2,899 BC to 2,430 BC
• Loulé - Hospital da Misericordia 2, AD 1200
• Monte Canelas 1 2, 3,196 BC to 2,907 BC
• Perdigões 2, 2,974 BC to 2,916 BC
• Santarém - Castelo de Abrantes 2, AD 1850
• São Paulo-2 2, 2,342 BC to 2,336 BC
• Tholos de Paimogo I 2, 2,775 BC
• Torre Velha 3 2, 1,600 BC
• Aveiro - Travanca 1, AD 1750
• Casas Velhas 1, 1,500 BC
• Castelo Branco - Church of São Miguel 1, AD 1650
• Cova das Lapas 1, 3,215 BC
• Dolmen Ansião 1, 3,500 BC
• Idanha-a-Velha - Espírito Santo 1, AD 600
• Idanha-a-Velha - Espírito Santo Muralha 1, AD 325
• Moita do Sebastiao 1, 6,117 BC
• Monte do Gato de Cima 3 1, 1,596 BC
• Monte do Vale do Ouro 2 1, 1,600 BC
• Outeiro Alto 1, AD 1150

Source: Allen Ancient DNA Resource v66 (Mallick et al. 2024), individuals with a date and coordinates; samples the AADR flags as misdated are left out. Group names are those of the original studies. Haplogroups are shown when they could be read from the ancient DNA.