Ancient DNA from Poland

Main archaeological groups: Poland IA (130), Poland BA Trzciniec (61), Poland IA Wielbark (59), Poland EarlyMedieval Slav (46), Poland Roman Wielbark (35).
Most frequent Y-DNA lines: R1a (98), I2a (52), R1b (31), F (13), G2a (12), I (10).
Most frequent mtDNA lines: U5a (42), T2b (32), J1c (28), U5b (25), K1a (15), H5a (14).

📊 How Poland's DNA changed over 10,000 years: hunter-gatherers, farmers, steppe herders and later arrivals, period by period.

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Period by period

Excavation sites

• Santok 46, AD 1100 to AD 1254
• Kowalewko 37, 101 BC to AD 200
• Żerniki Górne-1 31, 1,564 BC to 1,321 BC
• Pruszcz Gdański 26, AD 200
• Ląd 22, AD 1100 to AD 1171
• Niemcza 20, AD 873 to AD 950
• Poznań-Śródka 18, AD 1100
• Koszyce-3 17, 2,954 BC to 1,275 BC
• Masłomęcz 17, AD 190 to AD 379
• Płońsk 17, AD 1100
• Ostrów Lednicki 13, AD 1100
• Milicz 12, AD 1100
• Pielgrzymowice-9 11, 1,587 BC to 1,289 BC
• Świniary Stare-1 10, 2,166 BC to 1,200 BC
• Weklice 9, AD 9 to AD 161
• Kierzkowo 8, 3,182 BC to 2,717 BC
• Czarnówko 7, AD 200
• Dziekanowice-22 7, AD 1070 to AD 1100
• Gustorzyn 7, 1,900 BC to 1,308 BC
• Markowice 7, AD 950 to AD 1100
• Oblaczkowo 7, 2,752 BC to AD 1100
• Pikutkowo 7, 3,540 BC to 2,425 BC
• Poznań 7, AD 1100
• Końskie 6, AD 1100
• Bodzia 5, AD 1000
• Ksiaznice-2 5, 2,787 BC to 2,771 BC
• Oslonki 5, 4,300 BC to 4,099 BC
• Święte 5, 2,450 BC to 2,350 BC
• Kornice 4, 2,334 BC to 2,221 BC
• Łęgowo 4, AD 1100
• Maszycka 4, 16,322 BC to 13,622 BC
• Rumin 4, AD 1089 to AD 1100
• Brodzica-19 3, 1,416 BC to 1,385 BC
• Krusza Zamkowa-3 3, 4,194 BC to 4,161 BC
• Książnice 3, 3,977 BC to 3,832 BC
• Łubcze 3, 2,355 BC to 2,343 BC
• Pełczyska 3, 2,300 BC to 2,287 BC
• Poznań Sołacz 3, AD 941 to AD 1100
• Samborzec-1 3, 2,316 BC to 2,205 BC
• Zubowice-1A 3, 2,205 BC to 2,062 BC
• Balczewo 2, AD 1100
• Bocheniec-2 2, 1,313 BC to 1,257 BC
• Brześć-Kujawski 2, 4,313 BC to 3,009 BC
• Cedynia 2, AD 1042 to AD 1150
• Chłopice 2, 2,510 BC to 2,350 BC
• Dacharzów-1 2, 1,399 BC to 1,349 BC
• Gaski 2, AD 200
• Gniezno 2, AD 1009 to AD 1100
• Gołuń 2, AD 1100
• Groszowice 2, AD 1100
• Hrebenne-10 2, 2,172 BC to 2,132 BC
• Iwiny 2, 2,205 BC
• Konary 2, 4,300 BC to 4,227 BC
• Kruszyn-13 2, 4,150 BC
• Łojewo 2, 5,550 BC
• Sandomierz-78 2, 2,823 BC to 2,800 BC
• Siniarzewo-1 2, 4,441 BC to 1,838 BC
• Slonowice 2, 3,457 BC to 3,252 BC
• Sowinki 2, AD 1050
• Żerniki-Wielkie 2, 2,188 BC
• Zielonka 2, AD 987 to AD 1100
• Bosutów 1, 2,350 BC
• Bronocice 1, 3,830 BC
• Chociwel 1, 2,020 BC
• Czersk 1, AD 891
• Dzielnica 1, 2,163 BC
• Gąsawa-6 1, 1,865 BC
• Guciów-6 1, 1,451 BC
• Hrebenne-31 1, 1,838 BC
• Hrebenne-34 1, 1,778 BC
• Jordanów-Śląski 1, 2,225 BC
• Kamienskie 1, 6,647 BC
• Karczyn 1, 1,283 BC
• Krakow 1, AD 1150
• Krzyż 1, 8,109 BC
• Leki-Male 1, 2,175 BC
• Łojewo-4 1, 1,865 BC
• Ludwinowo-6 1, 4,150 BC
• Mierzanowice-1 1, 2,775 BC
• Mirocin 1, 2,349 BC
• Mistrzejowice 1, 2,350 BC
• Mokrzec 1, 2,163 BC
• Nieledew-1 1, 1,828 BC
• Nowa Huta-Cło-65 1, 1,653 BC
• Nowa Huta-Mogiła-55 1, 1,230 BC
• Polwica 1, 2,065 BC
• Proszowice 1, 2,350 BC
• Przeclawice 1, 1,794 BC
• Raciborowice Kolonia-2 1, 1,815 BC
• Racibórz-Stara Wieś 1, 2,180 BC
• Racot 1, 4,181 BC
• Rzemiędzice 1, 1,931 BC
• Sandomierz 1, AD 1000
• Skołoszów 1, 2,287 BC
• Słonowice -5G 1, 1,718 BC
• Strachów 1, 1,873 BC
• Stryjów-30 1, 1,873 BC
• Strzyżów-27 1, 2,175 BC
• Szczepankowice 1, 1,836 BC
• Szczytna 1, 2,350 BC
• Wilczyce-90 1, 2,775 BC
• Wojkowice 1, 1,871 BC

Source: Allen Ancient DNA Resource v66 (Mallick et al. 2024), individuals with a date and coordinates; samples the AADR flags as misdated are left out. Group names are those of the original studies. Haplogroups are shown when they could be read from the ancient DNA.