Phoenician Genes Across the Sea: How Ancient DNA Reveals Their Mediterranean Legacy

For centuries, the Phoenicians have been remembered as master sailors, tireless merchants, and skilled craftsmen. Originating from the Levant—roughly modern-day Lebanon—they sailed westward across the Mediterranean from the 9th century BCE, founding coastal cities from Cyprus to Carthage and beyond. But what happened when they settled? Did they remain a distinct people, or did they blend into the genetic fabric of the regions they touched?

Thanks to ancient DNA, we are now closer than ever to answering that question.

Genetic Footprints from the Levant to Iberia

Recent studies have revealed that Phoenician expansion was not simply a cultural diffusion—it also involved real human movement and admixture. In 2018, researchers published a groundbreaking analysis of a Punic individual from Ibiza dating to the 3rd century BCE. Her genome showed both Levantine and local North African ancestry, suggesting that Phoenician colonies became genetic melting pots early on (Zalloua et al. 2018).

Another individual from Sardinia, genetically analyzed in a separate 2018 study, also carried clear Levantine ancestry, supporting the idea of trans-Mediterranean mobility and integration (Matisoo-Smith et al. 2018).

Integration, Not Isolation

A broader picture emerges from the study of ancient remains across the Mediterranean. A 2021 paper using autosomal DNA from ancient North Africans showed that Phoenician settlements like Carthage were far from ethnically isolated enclaves. Instead, they became hubs of genetic exchange. The inhabitants often had mixed origins, combining local Berber roots with incoming Levantine ancestry (Fregel et al. 2021).

Likewise, a 2023 review article emphasized the diversity of mitochondrial lineages in Phoenician sites across Malta, Tunisia, and Sicily. Far from a homogeneous “colonial elite,” the Phoenicians appear to have absorbed and intermarried with local populations across generations (Matisoo-Smith 2023).

Sample Table: Ancient Individuals with Phoenician or Punic Affiliation

Rethinking the Phoenician Identity

In April 2025, a widely publicized genetic study reinforced this vision: Phoenician identity was not biologically exclusive, but fluid and inclusive. Colonies became cosmopolitan societies that integrated locals into their maritime and religious networks (Phys.org, 2025).

Conclusion: A Legacy Woven Into Many Shores

The Phoenicians didn't just spread goods and gods across the Mediterranean—they also left behind genes, families, and communities. Their legacy is not confined to ruined harbors and inscriptions, but lives on in the DNA of many Mediterranean populations. In this sense, the Phoenician story is not just one of trade and exploration—it's one of integration and shared identity across the sea.

For those interested in further analysis or visualization, here are the G25 coordinates of the samples:

Tunisia_Punic:I35325,0.101303,0.171624,-0.007542,-0.073967,0.031390,-0.035698,-0.010105,-0.008538,0.029247,0.055946,0.011205,0.014537,-0.017988,-0.010872,-0.017101,-0.004641,-0.007302,0.003927,0.009679,-0.006753,-0.006863,0.017559,-0.003697,0.006507,-0.009340
Italy_Sicily_Roman:I7265,0.099026,0.133034,-0.037712,-0.062016,-0.023697,-0.019243,-0.011281,0.006692,-0.009817,0.005285,0.005359,0.003297,0.001189,-0.006193,-0.002036,0.012198,0.001825,-0.006081,-0.004651,0.000500,0.003743,0.015828,0.005300,-0.014339,0.002395
Italy_Sicily_Punic_Possible:I7261,0.069432,0.155376,0.000377,-0.063631,0.057549,-0.030678,-0.009400,0.002538,0.022293,0.040274,0.010068,0.008542,0.006392,-0.011560,-0.004343,0.004906,0.010822,-0.015836,-0.017723,0.011255,-0.016970,-0.021021,0.003574,0.002410,-0.000479
Italy_Sicily_Punic_Early:I4800,0.091058,0.149283,0.004148,-0.062016,0.024004,-0.030678,-0.012456,-0.003231,0.029042,0.026242,0.010555,0.005395,-0.006541,-0.002477,-0.000679,-0.015911,-0.004563,-0.000507,-0.017598,-0.009505,-0.010482,-0.018672,0.003328,-0.014701,0.001437
Italy_Sicily_Punic_Early:I4798,0.108132,0.152329,-0.011691,-0.070091,0.025851,-0.034304,-0.005170,-0.011076,0.009817,0.037176,0.012829,0.003897,-0.000297,-0.008533,-0.012079,-0.020021,0.006910,-0.017610,-0.002388,0.001251,-0.005366,-0.000247,0.008504,-0.005784,0.001078
Spain_Punic_Late:I26931,0.094473,0.150298,0.009428,-0.046835,0.039700,-0.019801,0.003290,-0.005538,0.012271,0.046288,0.010718,0.010491,-0.013677,-0.024910,0.011129,0.005038,0.017211,-0.009882,0.008799,0.006503,-0.007487,-0.006925,-0.012941,-0.003735,-0.004191
Tunisia_Punic:I28504,0.099026,0.164516,-0.023004,-0.063631,0.005847,-0.023148,-0.003760,0.003692,0.021270,0.023326,-0.005359,0.006594,-0.002825,0.003441,-0.012486,0.009944,0.002868,-0.002660,-0.007416,-0.005753,0.002121,-0.000989,-0.000986,-0.004820,0.009580
Italy_Sicily_IA_oEurope:I24674,0.136588,0.144205,0.044500,0.023579,0.048624,0.008646,0.000940,0.004154,0.021475,0.009294,-0.005521,0.012139,-0.015312,0.004817,0.022258,0.025722,0.001825,-0.004054,0.005656,0.006003,-0.001996,-0.003339,0.006779,0.008314,-0.002275
Italy_Sicily_Roman:I24557,0.060326,0.153345,-0.017348,-0.064600,0.022158,-0.021475,-0.010575,-0.002077,0.022907,0.026242,0.000162,-0.011240,0.001784,-0.008533,0.000136,-0.010872,0.005085,-0.008361,0.001131,0.000250,0.000000,-0.005935,-0.008627,-0.001446,0.001796
Italy_Sicily_Roman:I24671,0.124067,0.146236,0.028284,-0.008075,0.029236,0.001394,-0.002115,0.000000,0.005318,0.028429,0.010718,0.013338,-0.019921,-0.013074,-0.015201,0.012994,0.020079,0.002027,0.016844,-0.004377,-0.013102,0.013849,0.018734,-0.001084,-0.014849
Israel_Phoenician:I22260,0.083091,0.143190,-0.052797,-0.088502,-0.004001,-0.036535,-0.004465,-0.012461,0.014317,0.014214,0.002111,-0.004346,0.012487,-0.001376,-0.002036,0.000796,-0.016298,0.002914,0.009804,0.002501,-0.004367,0.000618,-0.001725,-0.014098,0.001557
Unknown_Punic:I24031,0.051220,0.152329,0.003017,-0.070091,0.043700,-0.037092,-0.006345,-0.001154,0.053381,0.034078,0.010718,0.002548,-0.008325,-0.012799,-0.000679,-0.015646,-0.001434,0.003801,-0.022249,0.007879,-0.004492,-0.015333,0.001602,-0.002771,-0.000479
Unknown_Punic:I24033,0.061464,0.140143,-0.007165,-0.058140,0.037545,-0.031515,-0.016686,0.000231,0.029656,0.047564,0.001461,0.005395,-0.009514,-0.014450,-0.007465,-0.003182,0.014473,-0.005954,-0.016089,-0.001251,-0.011480,-0.033263,-0.008874,0.007350,-0.006227
Unknown_Punic:I24036,-0.086506,0.140143,0.006411,-0.079458,0.038161,-0.035698,-0.034077,0.002077,0.086514,0.033531,0.006983,-0.005545,0.033746,-0.033305,0.014929,-0.007558,0.008866,-0.023564,-0.043869,0.006378,-0.017469,-0.050450,0.011709,-0.017593,0.008981
Unknown_Punic:I24039,0.023903,0.154360,0.002640,-0.074936,0.043085,-0.029284,-0.015276,-0.013615,0.058494,0.048475,-0.008607,0.010641,0.009812,0.004954,-0.000407,-0.012331,0.000000,-0.008615,-0.014330,0.010630,-0.016970,-0.024236,0.011092,-0.009640,0.006826
Unknown_Punic:I24040,0.092197,0.167562,0.006034,-0.044574,0.035083,-0.020080,-0.002350,-0.004384,0.031906,0.033896,0.000487,0.005395,-0.002676,0.000963,-0.025787,-0.002784,-0.001173,0.002787,-0.006285,-0.004877,-0.010981,-0.000247,-0.012078,-0.002410,-0.008023
Tunisia_Punic:I24193,0.119514,0.143190,0.023759,-0.028424,0.026466,-0.015897,0.002585,-0.003231,0.016157,0.030616,0.005359,-0.000899,-0.008176,-0.003441,-0.017644,-0.010607,0.008084,0.007601,0.014707,-0.006753,0.008485,0.001978,0.005176,-0.006748,0.000838
Italy_Sicily_Punic_Late:I21197,0.110408,0.159438,-0.019987,-0.076228,0.022773,-0.029562,-0.003995,-0.014076,0.020248,0.043919,0.004709,0.005695,-0.013082,-0.018441,-0.023072,-0.011535,0.021774,-0.003421,0.006913,-0.016383,-0.014474,0.001978,-0.005669,-0.000723,-0.005269
Italy_Sicily_Punic_Possible:I21851,0.113823,0.144205,-0.002263,-0.058140,0.022158,-0.024542,0.011045,-0.011307,0.009817,0.036812,0.002436,0.013638,-0.015015,-0.004542,-0.020901,-0.008088,0.001043,0.005321,0.008673,-0.009630,-0.011480,0.016569,0.005176,0.007953,-0.011496
Italy_Sicily_Roman:I21850,0.055773,0.156392,0.000377,-0.066861,0.044931,-0.029841,-0.010810,0.002769,0.055221,0.041732,0.015589,-0.000899,0.004311,-0.011423,0.000136,-0.016574,-0.000522,-0.004307,-0.009427,-0.001251,-0.005490,-0.013107,0.002835,-0.008676,0.004431
Italy_Sicily_Punic_Late:I21857,0.056912,0.141159,0.007542,-0.071706,0.041546,-0.030957,-0.013161,0.003692,0.054199,0.060138,-0.004384,0.001199,-0.009068,-0.023121,-0.011808,0.005701,0.022165,0.000633,-0.013073,0.009129,-0.005615,-0.000495,0.015652,0.004338,0.011137
Italy_Sicily_Punic_Roman:I21859,0.129758,0.148267,0.061848,0.021641,0.059396,-0.007809,-0.007050,-0.006000,0.025156,0.057951,-0.001624,0.012289,-0.037760,-0.019680,0.016965,0.015380,-0.008345,0.006208,-0.004777,0.002376,0.009358,0.007296,-0.009367,0.003494,0.003113
Italy_Sardinia_Punic_Late_oLevant:I22119,0.085367,0.139128,-0.052420,-0.096254,-0.012925,-0.030120,-0.007285,-0.010384,0.011249,0.009841,0.016076,-0.015137,0.030029,-0.001651,-0.005700,-0.003182,-0.001825,0.001140,-0.002891,0.003001,-0.001248,0.004699,-0.005053,0.003615,-0.002994
Italy_Sicily_MBA:I22238,0.114961,0.173656,0.009051,-0.085595,0.058165,-0.035419,0.000470,-0.001385,0.034360,0.069614,-0.007795,0.017235,-0.026610,-0.001651,-0.016965,-0.012596,0.007953,0.004181,0.010810,-0.008129,0.001872,0.004204,-0.020952,-0.004940,0.008382
Tunisia_Punic:I35336,0.079676,0.145221,-0.011314,-0.051034,0.025235,-0.023706,-0.009400,0.001385,0.026793,0.036812,0.004709,-0.001049,-0.004014,-0.016928,-0.007193,-0.008751,-0.009648,0.000000,-0.002765,-0.004877,-0.005366,-0.011005,0.011462,0.003856,-0.002994
Spain_Punic_Late:I18203,0.108132,0.143190,-0.010936,-0.058786,0.037853,-0.032630,-0.025381,-0.011538,0.013294,0.030251,0.010068,0.012739,-0.002527,0.000963,-0.015065,-0.000265,0.019427,0.007601,0.010936,0.003126,-0.005989,0.011623,-0.009490,-0.008314,-0.014729
Spain_Punic_Late_oAfrica:I18193,-0.083091,0.121864,-0.015839,-0.093024,0.050163,-0.050479,-0.051467,0.005077,0.088763,0.021139,0.001949,-0.014537,0.020367,-0.026699,0.032166,-0.024927,-0.008736,-0.032306,-0.077053,0.016633,-0.029198,-0.054160,0.026498,-0.008676,0.010538
Italy_Sicily_Punic_Roman:I12846,0.092197,0.147252,0.014331,-0.044897,0.032929,-0.019243,-0.006815,-0.000923,0.041314,0.050479,0.013478,0.019633,-0.009960,-0.015964,0.008686,-0.002254,0.007823,-0.004687,-0.000628,-0.007128,-0.007487,-0.007666,0.000986,-0.003735,-0.001916
Italy_Sicily_Punic_Early:I12847,0.092197,0.152329,0.016216,-0.048773,0.021235,-0.029562,-0.004700,-0.021461,0.042745,0.046106,-0.002923,0.008243,-0.002230,0.003303,0.001086,-0.001061,0.000913,0.002787,0.009553,-0.002751,0.002246,-0.008037,0.014790,-0.009158,0.000599
Israel_Phoenician:I11794,0.093335,0.148267,-0.071653,-0.101422,-0.027697,-0.048527,-0.000235,-0.011769,0.002659,-0.005285,0.004060,0.000000,0.010555,0.001101,0.004479,0.002519,-0.010822,0.009502,0.009553,0.020385,0.002246,0.007048,-0.007641,-0.003253,-0.004670
Tunisia_Punic:I35339,0.092197,0.153345,0.003771,-0.055556,0.039700,-0.027610,-0.003525,-0.008307,0.028838,0.030616,0.012829,0.003897,-0.005649,-0.006331,0.002850,0.004641,-0.000261,0.002280,-0.003897,-0.007253,0.008984,-0.012242,-0.000493,-0.005181,0.008143
Tunisia_Punic:I35327,0.110408,0.159438,-0.007165,-0.053618,0.034160,-0.037929,-0.000940,-0.007384,0.018407,0.033896,-0.002436,0.013938,-0.027354,-0.017478,-0.012893,-0.023336,0.001434,-0.007475,0.007290,0.005753,0.002995,0.009150,-0.009244,-0.017834,0.005389
Tunisia_Punic:I28502,0.099026,0.151314,-0.006411,-0.048127,0.021850,-0.021475,-0.009870,0.006461,0.027815,0.042461,-0.009419,0.008992,-0.014569,-0.018304,-0.005429,0.008486,-0.000261,0.010008,0.016718,0.001626,-0.005241,-0.002597,-0.008874,0.000964,-0.015328
Spain_Punic:I26932,0.095611,0.155376,-0.004903,-0.068153,0.013849,-0.021196,-0.002115,0.000000,0.019225,0.023508,0.004872,0.005545,-0.000149,0.001651,-0.001629,-0.005701,-0.005346,0.005954,0.016089,0.003877,0.002870,-0.006430,-0.001602,0.003735,-0.008023
Spain_Punic:I26842,0.110408,0.157407,0.010182,-0.043605,0.023389,-0.016176,-0.006815,-0.004384,0.026179,0.036447,0.003410,-0.002098,-0.000892,0.002477,-0.006922,0.006629,0.014081,-0.013049,0.001885,0.001626,-0.002371,0.003586,-0.002218,-0.003615,-0.011616
Spain_Punic_Late:I26915,0.110408,0.159438,-0.013953,-0.067184,0.018465,-0.012829,-0.002585,-0.009692,0.031906,0.032802,0.014453,0.005845,-0.008028,-0.004817,0.003529,-0.009679,0.010691,-0.005068,0.001885,-0.015257,-0.006239,-0.003215,-0.003204,-0.010242,-0.005868
Spain_Punic_oLNBA:I27618,0.130897,0.162485,0.067127,0.004522,0.064935,-0.001116,-0.011281,0.004384,0.041723,0.056858,-0.012342,0.013188,-0.029583,-0.016652,0.018594,-0.014452,-0.018123,0.011402,0.008296,-0.006753,0.021337,-0.005935,-0.014666,-0.014219,-0.002275
Spain_Punic_o1:I27619,0.077400,0.152329,0.028284,-0.032300,0.042469,-0.018128,-0.009165,0.012692,0.041518,0.050844,-0.000162,0.012739,-0.012339,-0.011285,0.011536,-0.016441,0.009909,-0.000127,-0.018729,-0.007879,0.013601,-0.002102,0.008874,0.007471,-0.003473
Spain_Punic_oLNBA:I27620,0.126344,0.142174,0.056191,0.020995,0.056318,0.000000,-0.005875,0.000692,0.044791,0.048293,0.000000,0.002398,-0.009812,-0.005780,0.021172,0.014850,-0.005476,0.002660,-0.005405,-0.001126,0.016346,0.004081,-0.016145,-0.021810,0.005748
Italy_Sicily_Punic_Early:I24675,0.104717,0.148267,-0.016593,-0.066215,0.034776,-0.025379,0.000705,-0.005538,0.002250,0.026060,0.021598,-0.005845,-0.015907,-0.013074,-0.013843,0.004773,0.026468,0.006081,-0.004022,-0.015007,-0.007736,0.007048,-0.009613,0.001325,0.004910
Italy_Sicily_Punic_Early:I24678,0.111547,0.147252,0.001886,-0.046189,0.034468,-0.011713,0.008930,0.010384,0.016566,0.052666,0.015914,0.011540,-0.003568,-0.010046,-0.009772,0.008088,0.012256,0.010769,0.008045,0.007879,-0.007612,0.010140,-0.002835,-0.006145,0.011496
Italy_Sicily_Roman:I24679,0.119514,0.149283,-0.011314,-0.068476,0.012310,-0.023148,0.002115,0.011307,-0.003068,0.037176,0.009094,0.011839,-0.021704,0.001101,-0.031623,-0.005038,0.016820,0.000000,0.001885,-0.005127,-0.002745,0.003215,0.000370,-0.007350,-0.008742
Italy_Sicily_Roman:I24680,0.077400,0.145221,-0.009051,-0.053295,0.011387,-0.020917,0.000000,-0.011076,0.010431,0.029522,0.002598,0.002847,-0.004757,-0.001927,-0.000950,0.006895,0.015646,0.008995,0.004148,-0.000750,0.007362,-0.005688,-0.013311,0.001687,-0.006586
Unknown_Punic:I24044,0.075123,0.169593,0.004525,-0.058140,0.044316,-0.018686,-0.007755,0.002769,0.044382,0.037723,0.007795,-0.004046,0.002676,-0.018854,0.002579,0.007823,0.031292,-0.000887,-0.013827,-0.000250,-0.003494,-0.008408,-0.001109,-0.003735,-0.001437
Unknown_Punic:I24049,0.102441,0.148267,-0.003394,-0.054910,0.023389,-0.017570,0.000940,0.006000,0.012271,0.040456,0.001461,-0.000599,-0.012933,-0.017065,-0.006515,-0.017369,0.001565,-0.010262,-0.010810,-0.005878,-0.011230,0.002720,-0.008258,0.006627,-0.012574
Tunisia_Punic_Africa:I24208,0.035285,0.152329,0.009051,-0.080427,0.039392,-0.047411,-0.020681,-0.002308,0.055221,0.041914,0.021110,0.008992,-0.001041,-0.007844,0.011672,-0.006629,0.012778,-0.002534,-0.018855,0.001376,-0.012478,-0.023123,0.006779,-0.008435,-0.000958
Italy_Sicily_Roman:I24554,0.063741,0.144205,-0.060339,-0.097546,-0.002154,-0.051316,-0.015981,-0.015692,0.026384,0.017677,0.011042,-0.017984,0.020812,0.003991,-0.009772,-0.000265,-0.000652,-0.000633,0.002263,0.004002,-0.008610,-0.006925,0.008258,0.003012,0.003473
Italy_Sicily_Punic_Possible:I24558,0.100164,0.155376,-0.050157,-0.075582,-0.006463,-0.028726,-0.004230,-0.013615,-0.008181,0.019499,0.004547,-0.001349,-0.013082,-0.012661,-0.003257,0.005569,0.014212,0.004434,0.013701,0.005253,-0.002496,0.006183,-0.002711,0.001687,-0.003113
Italy_Sardinia_Punic_Early:I22118,0.105855,0.153345,0.029038,-0.020026,0.034776,-0.019243,-0.004935,0.003923,0.024543,0.050115,-0.003248,0.006145,-0.024232,-0.013762,-0.006379,-0.004110,0.002086,0.000633,0.004274,0.001501,0.002246,0.008903,-0.002711,-0.003374,0.004311
Italy_Sardinia_Punic_Early:I22122,0.110408,0.153345,0.000377,-0.053941,0.022466,-0.011435,-0.008930,0.008077,0.025156,0.035536,0.000650,0.002098,-0.005054,-0.004954,-0.011808,-0.007558,0.009127,0.003421,0.006034,0.009379,-0.004617,0.007543,-0.005423,-0.001325,0.005029
Italy_Sicily_Punic_Early:I22235,0.100164,0.163500,-0.007920,-0.066861,0.028313,-0.025937,-0.009870,0.004384,0.027611,0.027518,0.004709,0.016785,-0.015758,-0.011560,-0.006243,-0.011138,-0.013299,0.006461,-0.012318,-0.009880,0.002870,-0.003091,-0.001972,-0.016870,0.004311
Italy_Sicily_MBA:I22241,0.113823,0.178733,0.011691,-0.061693,0.054164,-0.027610,0.007755,-0.003000,0.025156,0.075081,0.007632,0.015586,-0.022596,0.003853,-0.010858,-0.001326,0.007562,-0.002787,0.003394,-0.002626,0.005865,0.006430,-0.014050,0.000241,0.000000
Israel_Phoenician:I22254,0.068294,0.152329,-0.073161,-0.116281,-0.012925,-0.037092,0.000705,0.003692,0.020043,0.014397,0.004872,-0.012739,0.026164,0.004954,0.001086,0.002387,-0.006910,0.005068,0.001257,-0.002001,-0.009234,0.006554,-0.009983,0.002410,0.017124
Italy_Sicily_Punic_Possible:I21195,0.109270,0.160454,0.007542,-0.029716,0.014156,-0.015618,-0.003995,-0.003692,0.015135,0.038634,0.000000,0.006145,-0.027205,-0.001789,-0.009908,-0.002917,0.003912,-0.008235,-0.012821,0.002376,-0.002121,0.004699,-0.002835,0.000482,-0.007305
Italy_Sicily_Punic_Early:I22095,0.109270,0.151314,0.001508,-0.059432,0.039084,-0.018128,-0.003760,-0.000692,0.031088,0.042825,0.009581,0.000000,0.000892,-0.001376,-0.013301,0.007955,0.005607,0.000253,-0.005279,0.004377,-0.001248,0.000247,-0.002095,0.003374,-0.009700
Italy_Sardinia_Punic_Early:I22096,0.116100,0.156392,0.042992,-0.016796,0.036622,-0.014781,-0.019036,-0.015692,0.023520,0.066516,-0.005846,0.010641,-0.013974,-0.018579,0.003664,0.017634,0.007302,0.008488,-0.009176,0.000500,0.001747,0.005070,-0.013680,-0.003735,-0.001317
Italy_Sardinia_Punic_Roman_oNAfrica:I22113,0.009106,0.135065,-0.007542,-0.067184,0.024004,-0.035977,-0.019741,-0.003692,0.069538,0.047746,0.015752,-0.019782,0.010555,-0.020231,0.013843,-0.010209,-0.012256,-0.023944,-0.036578,-0.002876,-0.013975,-0.029306,0.025512,-0.001807,0.001796
Italy_Sardinia_Punic_Early:I22115,0.114961,0.155376,0.026776,-0.036499,0.038776,-0.007251,0.003760,0.002077,0.022702,0.037905,-0.009419,0.009142,-0.007879,-0.015276,-0.004614,0.021214,0.015907,0.008742,0.017346,0.000625,0.000624,-0.007543,-0.017994,-0.007953,0.001197
Italy_Sardinia_Punic_Early:I22117,0.080814,0.148267,-0.004903,-0.057494,0.008617,-0.029284,0.003055,0.004154,0.029656,0.028976,-0.001624,0.000000,-0.004608,-0.002202,-0.013165,0.005967,0.019818,0.000253,-0.000628,0.009129,-0.002496,0.004822,0.000863,-0.005422,-0.004550
Italy_Sicily_Punic_Late:I12848,0.112685,0.163500,0.007920,-0.056202,0.018773,-0.011992,-0.008460,-0.010384,0.017794,0.046470,-0.006496,0.003447,-0.015312,-0.013349,-0.023344,-0.015115,0.011995,0.004434,0.014832,-0.004252,-0.014599,-0.003710,0.000493,-0.001566,-0.006826
Tunisia_Punic_oAfrican:I31735,0.007968,0.146236,-0.001886,-0.057171,0.027390,-0.024821,-0.016451,0.000231,0.042541,0.030616,0.003573,0.005245,0.011447,-0.018992,0.000814,-0.010872,0.011083,-0.022044,-0.033938,-0.002751,-0.015597,-0.033386,0.012941,-0.013616,0.002155
Tunisia_Punic:I35343,0.099026,0.161469,-0.002640,-0.047158,0.027390,-0.014781,-0.011751,0.003692,0.015748,0.028793,0.001786,-0.011390,0.003717,0.001376,0.000000,-0.002121,0.007432,0.005068,-0.010433,0.006003,-0.000374,-0.009150,0.005300,-0.013616,-0.016885
Tunisia_Punic:I35328,0.043253,0.142174,-0.007165,-0.043605,0.022158,-0.019243,-0.010810,0.002769,0.022702,0.023873,0.000162,0.000450,0.010406,-0.013762,-0.000950,-0.001591,0.013821,0.006334,-0.021369,-0.005253,0.006489,-0.008532,0.002342,0.004338,-0.000838
Italy_Sicily_IA_oAfrica:I24673,0.025041,0.136081,0.012445,-0.039406,0.028005,-0.032072,-0.013161,-0.000462,0.052154,0.026060,-0.003897,-0.006894,0.019475,-0.026011,0.010993,0.008353,0.011213,-0.021284,-0.031299,0.022886,-0.000125,-0.027451,0.020582,-0.003615,0.005748
Italy_Sicily_Punic_Early:I24676,0.081953,0.148267,0.016970,-0.056202,0.039700,-0.010877,-0.007520,-0.005538,0.019225,0.039910,-0.001137,0.010191,-0.004757,-0.003303,-0.002036,0.006099,0.016820,-0.006588,-0.011690,-0.007629,-0.015597,-0.009274,0.004437,-0.007832,-0.014011
Israel_Phoenician:I22252,0.075123,0.157407,-0.043746,-0.090763,0.004616,-0.029841,0.011751,-0.006923,0.029451,0.009112,0.000162,-0.012589,0.022150,-0.009634,-0.002714,0.010872,0.025686,0.001774,-0.009804,0.002376,0.010731,0.014344,0.000493,0.002289,-0.005628
Tunisia_Punic:I24032,0.094473,0.159438,0.006788,-0.073644,0.026774,-0.027331,-0.013396,0.004615,0.032724,0.047199,0.005684,0.005395,-0.000743,-0.007019,-0.011943,-0.015646,0.007041,0.001520,0.002514,-0.000750,-0.007612,-0.009150,-0.000616,-0.010242,-0.009221
Tunisia_Punic:I24189,0.109270,0.156392,0.000000,-0.062985,0.039084,-0.017570,0.001645,0.006692,0.017794,0.041550,-0.005359,0.002847,0.006987,-0.011423,-0.012893,0.005569,0.012517,0.001394,0.015335,-0.010630,0.000000,0.007172,-0.010969,0.001446,0.002994
Tunisia_Punic:I24192,0.094473,0.161469,-0.001508,-0.054910,0.032314,-0.035140,-0.010575,-0.009692,0.034155,0.043554,0.004709,0.008992,-0.009514,-0.005918,0.000543,0.001591,0.006258,0.005828,-0.006411,-0.001626,-0.004118,0.006306,0.002835,-0.004940,-0.000479
Tunisia_Punic_oAfricaHigh:I24205,-0.028456,0.131003,-0.008297,-0.074290,0.034468,-0.048527,-0.029846,0.001385,0.080173,0.036265,-0.000162,-0.002847,0.026759,-0.012386,0.009229,-0.018165,-0.002086,-0.028125,-0.046508,0.006503,-0.015223,-0.026956,0.025636,-0.011447,0.010179
Tunisia_Punic_oAfrica:I24215,0.025041,0.147252,0.008297,-0.051680,0.030159,-0.032072,-0.017156,0.000462,0.050926,0.030069,0.013965,0.000450,0.012190,-0.006606,0.010858,-0.006762,0.008214,-0.023817,-0.013073,0.015382,-0.009858,-0.023494,0.012078,-0.001446,0.016046
Italy_Sicily_Punic_Late:I24555,0.109270,0.141159,0.037335,-0.027778,0.034776,-0.011713,-0.006815,-0.011076,0.026997,0.027518,0.004060,0.007943,-0.028394,-0.006606,-0.007600,-0.014452,-0.004172,-0.007475,0.002263,-0.005253,-0.006489,0.004822,-0.005300,-0.002530,-0.005748
Italy_Sicily_Punic_Early:I21853,0.114961,0.153345,0.004903,-0.055556,0.017234,-0.034582,0.008460,-0.003461,-0.000818,0.035172,-0.003248,0.011240,-0.015907,0.004679,-0.002986,-0.000133,0.001043,-0.006081,0.006411,-0.011506,-0.001747,0.000495,-0.004314,0.001446,-0.002036
Italy_Sicily_Punic_Late:I21855,0.129758,0.158423,0.058077,-0.018411,0.047086,-0.009761,-0.008930,0.006923,0.012680,0.047017,0.000000,0.012589,-0.026610,-0.007569,-0.011129,-0.014585,-0.002347,-0.003547,0.015587,-0.004127,-0.008235,0.014467,-0.015529,-0.007109,0.002515
Italy_Sardinia_Roman_oEurope:I22112,0.125205,0.147252,0.054305,0.020026,0.047701,0.000558,0.004700,-0.005307,0.018816,0.039181,-0.004709,0.004796,-0.012339,-0.011973,0.000950,0.002254,0.003651,0.014062,-0.004274,-0.002001,-0.002121,0.008903,-0.003451,-0.004820,-0.003113
Italy_Sardinia_Punic_Roman:I22125,0.126344,0.172640,0.037712,-0.049419,0.078168,-0.038766,-0.009400,-0.008077,0.050313,0.083646,0.005684,0.025777,-0.033746,-0.001927,-0.012622,-0.020021,-0.010561,0.010515,0.005279,-0.009129,0.003494,0.008532,-0.013804,-0.032776,0.010298
Italy_Sicily_Punic_Early:I22236,0.079676,0.148267,0.006788,-0.043928,0.044931,-0.023427,-0.003525,-0.003461,0.040291,0.046652,0.018512,0.007643,-0.016947,-0.007707,0.002307,-0.007292,0.018775,-0.001014,-0.006913,-0.000625,0.002121,-0.011623,0.008627,-0.027112,-0.008023
Spain_Punic_o.3rd.degree.relative.cluster:I18199,0.104717,0.148267,-0.002640,-0.062985,0.026159,-0.014502,-0.011045,-0.012230,0.022907,0.024237,-0.001786,0.005995,0.008028,0.001376,-0.019408,0.000530,-0.003781,-0.004687,0.005028,0.001876,0.006364,0.004081,0.002218,-0.008796,-0.009819
Italy_Sicily_Roman:I12664,0.095611,0.149283,0.002640,-0.046189,0.026466,-0.037092,-0.006345,-0.010153,0.033951,0.038816,0.006983,-0.001948,-0.000297,-0.001789,-0.016694,-0.009149,0.006519,0.001647,0.005028,-0.007128,-0.006114,-0.007172,-0.006162,-0.013496,-0.005508
Italy_Sicily_Roman:I12849,0.077400,0.132019,-0.053928,-0.059432,-0.013541,-0.038208,-0.003995,0.001615,0.002045,0.015490,0.007632,-0.000749,0.009960,0.000138,-0.003257,0.003713,-0.005346,-0.011402,-0.002514,-0.002501,-0.000250,0.000742,0.005300,0.004217,-0.003113
Unknown_Punic:I8577,0.136588,0.143190,0.054682,0.031654,0.051086,0.006136,0.007285,0.007154,0.015544,0.019864,-0.001949,0.005695,-0.010852,-0.011147,0.015065,-0.002121,-0.009648,0.007095,0.002514,0.006878,0.007237,0.000989,-0.006779,-0.016147,-0.001078
Unknown_Punic:I8135,0.126344,0.148267,0.059208,0.013889,0.067397,0.007251,-0.000235,0.004615,0.024952,0.035901,-0.008444,0.010790,-0.016947,-0.021882,0.016015,0.008221,-0.011865,0.002280,0.000377,-0.001126,0.008610,-0.002349,-0.010476,-0.003133,-0.002994
Tunisia_Punic:I35338,0.097888,0.139128,-0.004903,-0.058786,0.036007,-0.015618,0.007285,-0.007846,0.029656,0.039181,0.015427,0.016785,-0.007136,-0.015414,-0.003800,0.019093,0.002738,0.006334,-0.006913,0.001626,-0.015972,0.011252,-0.013927,0.002651,-0.000599
Tunisia_Punic:I35287,0.109270,0.154360,-0.009805,-0.043605,0.039700,-0.020080,-0.003995,0.011769,0.032110,0.047381,-0.006658,0.010790,-0.015461,0.004817,0.002172,-0.007955,-0.019036,0.001140,0.002765,-0.001251,-0.008360,-0.013478,0.006162,0.001687,-0.003592
Spain_Punic:I27602,0.070570,0.146236,0.007542,-0.046512,0.034468,-0.019522,-0.020211,0.000923,0.033951,0.026606,0.016564,0.005695,-0.012933,-0.014588,0.000950,0.001061,-0.010431,0.006588,-0.015838,-0.004252,-0.006239,-0.005812,0.003944,-0.019280,0.000120
Spain_Punic:I27613,0.108132,0.155376,0.007542,-0.030685,0.030467,-0.026216,0.003995,-0.009230,0.025156,0.041732,-0.001299,0.004496,-0.016799,-0.025873,-0.005022,0.010475,-0.001825,-0.007601,-0.013324,-0.006378,-0.003993,0.000124,-0.011585,-0.007471,0.010658
Italy_Sicily_Punic_Early:I24556,0.109270,0.156392,-0.016593,-0.059755,0.027390,-0.032351,-0.013866,-0.009230,0.034565,0.032256,-0.005359,0.009741,-0.006244,-0.010597,-0.001086,-0.014452,-0.006780,0.006714,0.008799,0.005503,0.004742,0.015333,0.002465,-0.015303,-0.001078
Italy_Sicily_LateAntiquity:I24560,0.088782,0.143190,-0.058831,-0.069768,-0.033237,-0.022311,-0.006110,-0.004615,-0.001023,0.008747,0.015427,-0.006145,0.000000,0.011560,-0.015472,0.001326,-0.029858,0.005068,-0.005028,-0.004502,-0.004617,0.007172,-0.017624,-0.000602,0.009340
Italy_Sicily_IA_oEurope:I24672,0.121791,0.147252,0.042615,-0.002261,0.048009,0.002510,-0.008930,-0.001385,0.010226,0.048293,-0.002598,0.008842,-0.031070,-0.014450,0.020765,-0.000928,0.003912,-0.001140,0.000377,-0.005628,0.005865,-0.000989,-0.007518,-0.010001,0.000239
Unknown_Punic:I24041,0.113823,0.156392,0.011691,-0.051357,0.032006,-0.010877,-0.007520,-0.004384,0.034974,0.041003,0.010068,0.003597,-0.015461,-0.017203,-0.013843,-0.002917,0.003260,0.002027,-0.004525,0.012381,-0.003743,0.002102,0.001725,0.002169,-0.006466
Unknown_Punic:I24045,0.105855,0.151314,0.030924,-0.032946,0.051702,-0.010598,-0.013161,-0.007615,0.019021,0.038270,-0.004060,0.005095,-0.012339,-0.004542,-0.013843,-0.017502,-0.009909,0.000000,-0.009679,-0.007879,-0.003993,-0.010263,0.007148,-0.004940,0.005149
Tunisia_Punic:I24047,0.110408,0.166547,0.016216,-0.052003,0.022466,-0.014502,0.000470,-0.000462,0.032724,0.043554,0.013478,0.013488,-0.012933,0.002064,-0.018594,-0.017502,-0.009779,0.005448,-0.002765,-0.008629,-0.001996,0.004204,-0.016269,-0.015544,0.003233
Unknown_Punic:I24048,0.102441,0.150298,0.017725,-0.031977,0.036930,-0.011435,-0.001410,-0.014999,0.025975,0.040639,0.006171,0.012139,-0.006541,-0.010184,-0.006379,0.008353,0.020992,-0.005701,-0.004651,0.007379,-0.004991,-0.014715,0.004437,-0.011809,-0.010658
Tunisia_Punic:I24194,0.105855,0.147252,-0.008297,-0.063954,0.021542,-0.026216,0.004935,-0.006461,0.021270,0.023873,0.015752,0.011090,0.002527,-0.002890,-0.007872,-0.000796,0.005607,-0.005954,-0.007542,0.013506,-0.000749,-0.011129,-0.000123,-0.000482,0.006107
Tunisia_Punic:I24196,0.097888,0.151314,-0.012445,-0.059432,0.011079,-0.015339,-0.000940,-0.009230,0.032110,0.021868,-0.005196,0.007643,-0.000892,-0.001514,-0.004343,-0.006364,0.000652,0.002154,-0.006913,-0.017383,0.005989,0.008037,0.002095,-0.004940,0.002754
Tunisia_Punic_oAfricaHigh:I24206,-0.078538,0.131003,-0.017725,-0.072029,0.027697,-0.046017,-0.032431,0.003000,0.096740,0.028611,0.002111,0.002548,0.023191,-0.010597,0.017915,-0.027313,-0.003390,-0.033066,-0.055056,0.008379,-0.019216,-0.049461,0.031182,-0.003615,0.011256
Tunisia_Punic:I24213,0.116100,0.153345,0.024136,-0.051034,0.042777,-0.016733,-0.006815,0.003692,0.025770,0.043919,0.010230,0.002548,-0.021556,0.002615,0.004072,-0.006497,-0.002477,0.007601,-0.004274,-0.014382,-0.005116,-0.001360,-0.003328,-0.016026,0.001557
Tunisia_Punic:I24494,0.109270,0.156392,0.031301,-0.035530,0.041238,-0.015618,0.006345,-0.009230,0.013908,0.034625,0.007632,0.013788,-0.011447,-0.013487,-0.012079,-0.007425,-0.004172,-0.000507,0.002388,0.001751,-0.003369,-0.006059,-0.013680,0.003133,-0.003473
Italy_Sardinia_Punic_Late_oEurope:I22114,0.133173,0.139128,0.066750,0.044574,0.050471,0.021196,0.003995,0.008077,0.016975,0.019499,-0.004222,0.015736,-0.001041,-0.007432,0.008143,0.012463,0.008084,0.008108,0.001006,-0.015507,0.001872,0.004822,-0.009860,-0.005422,-0.002754
Italy_Sardinia_Punic_Early:I22121,0.135449,0.151314,0.043369,-0.004522,0.053548,-0.005857,-0.008460,-0.000462,0.030270,0.043919,-0.006658,0.010041,-0.023191,-0.012661,0.009093,0.005701,0.018123,-0.001267,0.008296,0.004877,0.004243,0.005812,-0.005423,-0.010001,-0.004311
Italy_Sicily_Punic_Early:I22232,0.066017,0.146236,0.013576,-0.068476,0.034160,-0.024263,-0.011045,-0.013384,0.047859,0.044101,0.005196,-0.017684,-0.002081,-0.003303,0.001493,-0.013524,-0.015646,0.005828,-0.005656,0.006628,-0.011605,-0.011005,0.003204,-0.010242,0.000838
Italy_Sicily_Punic_Possible:I21856,0.077400,0.143190,-0.056945,-0.093347,-0.011079,-0.034861,-0.005875,-0.013153,0.008999,-0.010023,0.023709,-0.010191,0.031070,-0.018854,-0.007736,-0.007558,-0.020210,-0.010135,0.008673,0.001376,0.001996,0.002226,-0.005669,0.013978,0.008143
Italy_Sicily_Roman:I21858,0.055773,0.154360,0.014331,-0.061693,0.043700,-0.039602,-0.008695,0.001615,0.059107,0.054306,0.011367,0.013788,-0.008028,-0.004817,-0.001086,-0.005038,0.002477,0.003801,-0.018478,0.004377,0.004118,-0.015209,0.018610,0.001084,0.017603
Italy_Sardinia_Roman:I21964,0.114961,0.153345,0.046386,-0.016473,0.051702,-0.013387,0.000000,-0.002308,0.035178,0.038270,-0.011530,0.008243,-0.028840,-0.019955,0.014929,-0.002387,-0.005867,-0.004814,0.003017,-0.001626,0.006863,0.007048,-0.011832,-0.019159,-0.006945
Italy_Sardinia_Punic_Late_oNAfrica:I21966,0.050082,0.145221,-0.010936,-0.058140,0.045547,-0.026774,-0.013396,0.005538,0.048472,0.042643,0.001137,-0.000599,0.018285,0.002615,0.005565,-0.007425,0.010170,0.002787,-0.014832,-0.012756,-0.015722,-0.012242,0.026129,-0.010724,-0.005868
Italy_Sicily_Punic_Possible:I22000,0.037562,0.140143,-0.026776,-0.071706,-0.009540,-0.041555,-0.003525,-0.003692,0.025156,0.018041,0.001624,-0.011240,0.004162,-0.009358,0.010993,-0.009812,-0.009127,-0.003927,-0.006662,0.000125,0.003993,-0.028316,0.005916,0.004458,0.000239
Italy_Sicily_Punic_Possible:I22001,0.004553,0.142174,-0.024513,-0.073644,-0.002462,-0.031515,-0.018096,0.004846,0.043973,0.025695,0.008769,-0.010041,0.017839,-0.010872,0.016015,-0.013789,-0.003651,0.000000,-0.040223,0.010880,-0.014599,-0.032521,0.019103,-0.007350,0.006945
Italy_Sicily_Punic_Early:I4799,0.124067,0.162485,0.020742,-0.040375,0.037853,-0.015897,-0.001410,-0.011307,0.037428,0.053942,0.004060,0.007643,-0.019921,0.002340,-0.001357,0.000928,0.008084,-0.007728,0.004902,-0.011130,-0.005615,0.000371,-0.013557,-0.010965,-0.004311
Spain_Punic_o.3rd.degree.relative.cluster_alt:I18201,0.106994,0.154360,-0.020365,-0.054264,0.023697,-0.022032,0.004700,-0.000692,0.011453,0.038816,-0.006496,0.002548,-0.002676,-0.004129,-0.006786,-0.010872,-0.003912,0.005954,0.000754,0.002126,0.009109,-0.002597,-0.002588,-0.003253,-0.004910
Italy_Sicily_Punic_Roman:I12665,0.088782,0.154360,-0.060339,-0.087533,-0.017542,-0.038208,-0.003525,-0.004154,0.011658,0.013121,0.019811,-0.011839,0.029137,-0.000138,-0.011943,0.005038,-0.017602,0.002280,0.010936,0.003752,0.015473,0.003833,0.000370,0.002771,-0.003353
Italy_Sicily_Punic_Early:I12666,0.129758,0.168578,0.004148,-0.061047,0.031083,-0.022590,0.012691,-0.009230,0.022293,0.040639,0.005034,0.009142,-0.026016,0.003303,-0.024973,-0.009414,0.011343,-0.007728,0.001885,-0.001501,0.002620,0.000247,-0.007272,-0.004217,0.010777
Italy_Sicily_Punic_Roman:I12844,0.070570,0.155376,-0.000754,-0.052649,0.018157,-0.022869,-0.008225,0.001385,0.037428,0.038270,-0.004060,0.006894,-0.014123,-0.005780,-0.005836,-0.008221,0.001173,-0.017230,-0.008045,-0.012756,-0.015098,-0.009150,0.002218,-0.002651,0.001676
Algeria_IA:I12433,-0.116100,0.126941,0.014708,-0.075582,0.022466,-0.040439,-0.028906,0.004846,0.111261,0.035718,0.004547,-0.004946,0.022299,-0.021332,0.026194,-0.023203,0.004955,-0.023437,-0.050279,0.018384,-0.016970,-0.047112,0.019596,-0.004820,0.009221

References:
Ringbauer et al. (2025) —Punic people were genetically diverse with almost no Levantine ancestors
Phys.org (2025) — New DNA evidence on Phoenician integration Matisoo-Smith (2023) — Review of Phoenician genetic legacy
Zalloua et al. (2018) — Phoenician individual from Ibiza
Matisoo-Smith et al. (2018) — Phoenician genetics in the western Mediterranean
Fregel et al. (2021) — North African admixture in Phoenician settlements