Ancient DNA | Spain and Portugal | North Africa

The Moors Were Not the First

North Africans lived in Iberia more than 4,000 years ago, in Punic towns and across Roman and Visigothic Hispania, long before 711. We traced their ancestry in 564 ancient genomes, from the Copper Age to the expulsion of the Moriscos.

2300 BCapproximate date of the oldest known North African in Iberia, a man buried at Camino de las Yeseras, near Madrid
74%of the individuals from the south, the east and Portugal dated AD 400 to 711, before the Islamic conquest, carry at least 10% North African ancestry in our analysis
23% vs 18%median North African ancestry in Granada around AD 500, under the Visigoths, and in Nasrid and Morisco Granada a thousand years later

Hero image: AI generated illustration of a beach market in a Roman town on the Strait of Gibraltar around AD 150, inspired by Baelo Claudia. North African traders in hooded wool cloaks unload amphorae and baskets of dates from a merchant ship, a Hispano-Roman man in a red cloak bargains with them, a woman holds her child by the shoulder, and workers carry baskets of fish towards the salting vats, below the temples and the theatre on the hillside. The mountain across the water stands for the African coast. Buildings, clothing and the scene are approximations, and it is not a reconstruction of the individuals whose genomes are discussed here.

The usual story is simple. If a Spaniard or a Portuguese carries North African ancestry, it comes from the Moors: the Arab and Amazigh armies that crossed the Strait of Gibraltar in 711, and the eight centuries of al-Andalus that followed. Ancient DNA tells a longer story. North Africans were already living in Iberia in the Copper Age, in the Punic towns of the south and in Roman and Visigothic Hispania. In some places, they were as present before 711 as after it.

A new study in Cell, on 243 genomes from Roman and Visigothic Iberia, has brought the question back into the news. In this article we put that result in a longer perspective. We review the ancient DNA studies of the last seven years, and we model every dated ancient genome from Spain and Portugal available in Global25, 564 individuals from 3100 BC to the 18th century, with the same method. The aim is to see, genome by genome, when North African ancestry appears, how common it becomes, and when it disappears.

Seven thousand years across the StraitKey moments in the genetic history of Iberia and North AfricaAbout 5400 BCThe first crossing goes southFarmers with Iberian Neolithic ancestry settle at Kaf Taht el-Ghar, in northernMorocco, and bring farming to northwest AfricaAbout 2300 BCA North African in Copper Age MadridA man of North African origin is buried at Camino de las Yeseras,at a time when African ivory reaches Iberian sitesAbout 1800 BCA Bronze Age descendantA man buried at Loma del Puerco, near Cadiz, carries abouta quarter North African ancestry800 to 200 BCPhoenicians and CarthagePunic towns line the southern coast; at Villaricos, in Almeria,people of North African origin are buried in Punic tombsAD 1 to 700Roman and Visigothic HispaniaNorth African ancestry becomes common in the south: 33 of 34Roman-period individuals in the southeast carry itAD 711The Islamic conquestArab and Amazigh armies cross the Strait; al-Andalus lastsin part of the peninsula until 14921609 to 1614The expulsion of the MoriscosMore than 300,000 people are deported to North Africa,more than a third of the population of the Kingdom of Valencia
Key moments in the movements of people across the Strait of Gibraltar, from the Neolithic to the expulsion of the Moriscos. Dates are approximate.

A North African in Copper Age Madrid

In 2019, Olalde and colleagues published 271 new ancient genomes from Iberia and found something nobody expected. A man buried at Camino de las Yeseras, near Madrid, and radiocarbon dated to between 2473 and 2030 BC, clustered with ancient and present-day North Africans. His genome and his paternal and maternal lineages were unique among Copper Age Iberians, and pointed to a North African origin. The find fits the African ivory found at Iberian sites of the same period. A Bronze Age man from Loma del Puerco, near Cadiz, carried about 25% ancestry related to him, perhaps the grandson of a migrant. But the authors stressed that these early movements had a limited impact: North African ancestry only became widespread in Iberia in the last 2,000 years.

Our analysis confirms both points. Modelled with Iberian Copper Age farmers, steppe ancestry, present-day Shilha Berbers from Morocco and West Africans, the man from Camino de las Yeseras comes out 77% North African and 3% West African. His fit is rough, because no sampled population matches him closely, but without a North African source it is almost five times worse. With other North African references, his share ranges from 72 to 92%. The man from Loma del Puerco comes out at 16% (14 to 18% depending on the reference). Among 134 Copper Age genomes, the man from Camino de las Yeseras is the only one above 10%. Among 181 Bronze Age genomes, three are: the man from Loma del Puerco, one low-coverage individual from the Argaric site of La Almoloya (12%), and one Argaric man from Zapateria, in Murcia (22%), whose genome fits poorly with every model. We treat the last two as possible cases, not confirmed ones. In prehistory, North Africans in Iberia were rare individuals, not a population.

The first crossing went south

Contacts across the Strait are even older, and the first documented crossing went the other way. In 2023, Simoes and colleagues sequenced Neolithic individuals from Morocco. At Kaf Taht el-Ghar, near Tetouan, the earliest farmers, about 5400 BC, carried mostly the ancestry of European Neolithic farmers, the same people who had just settled Iberia. At Ifri n'Amr ou Moussa, a little later, farmers descended almost entirely from the local foragers of the Maghreb. Around 4300 BC, a third ancestry arrived from the Levant, and the three mixed in the Late Neolithic. Fregel and colleagues had already found ancestry from European farmers in the Late Neolithic people of Kehf el Baroud.

The crossing in the other directionNeolithic genomes from Morocco modelled with Iberian farmers, Levantine farmers and local Maghrebi foragers; our analysis0%25%50%75%100%fitIfri Ouberrid foragerabout 5600 BC10043Kaf Taht el-Ghar, ktg005about 5400 BC49302154Kaf Taht el-Ghar, ktg006about 5100 BC6132763Ifri n'Amr ou Moussa (avg)about 5000 BC9630Skhirat-Rouazi (avg)about 4500 BC7652833Kehf el Baroud (avg)about 3700 BC31501946Iberian Neolithic farmersLevant NeolithicMaghrebi foragersIberian farmers themselves descend largely from Anatolian farmers, so the two farmer sources partly overlap.
Neolithic genomes from Morocco (Simoes et al. 2023; Fregel et al. 2018) modelled in Global25 with Iberian Neolithic farmers, Levantine Neolithic farmers (Jordan PPNB) and Maghrebi foragers (Taforalt). Fit: distance between the genome and the model, x 1000 (our analysis).

Our models of these Moroccan genomes show the same sequence: Iberian and Levantine farmer ancestry at Kaf Taht el-Ghar, local forager ancestry at Ifri n'Amr ou Moussa, Levantine ancestry dominant at Skhirat-Rouazi, and a mixture of all three at Kehf el Baroud. The fits are rough, as these genomes are hard to model in Global25, but the picture is clear. Iberians brought farming to northwest Africa three thousand years before the man from Camino de las Yeseras made the journey north.

Punic towns: North Africans next door

From the 8th century BC, Phoenician colonies and then Carthaginian towns lined the southern coast of Iberia. A large study published by Ringbauer and colleagues in 2025, with 210 genomes from 14 Phoenician and Punic sites, showed that the people of these towns had almost no ancestry from the Levant, despite their Phoenician culture. Most of their ancestry resembled that of Sicily and the Aegean, and a minority came from North Africa, in every site including Carthage itself, growing with the power of Carthage.

The Punic town of Villaricos, in Almeria, shows what that meant in practice. In our analysis, three of the eight individuals from Villaricos are 84 to 100% North African, while the others carry little or none. These were not mixed descendants of old migrants, but people of North African origin, or their children, living in a Punic town of the 3rd century BC beside neighbours of local and Mediterranean ancestry. On Ibiza, two of seven Punic individuals carry about a quarter North African ancestry.

Roman and Visigothic Hispania

The real change came with Rome. The Cell study by Carrion, Olalde, Lalueza-Fox, Reich and colleagues, published in October 2026, reported 243 genomes from 31 sites dated AD 100 to 800. In Roman times, people with ancestry from the eastern Mediterranean arrived across Iberia, and North Africans arrived especially in the centre and the south. In southeastern Iberia, 33 of 34 Roman-period individuals carried North African ancestry, 27% on average. At the early Christian basilica of Cortijo Coracho, near Lucena, 29 of 30 individuals carried it, in a community that included a family reconstructed over four generations. The Suebi, Vandals and Visigoths who arrived from the 5th century changed the population much less. We covered that study in detail in our article on the Visigoths.

The genomes of the Cell study are not yet available in Global25, but the earlier Roman and late antique genomes are, and they tell the same story. In our analysis, half of the Roman-period individuals carry at least 10% North African ancestry, and two individuals from central Portugal, buried around AD 160 to 170, carry about 50%. Between AD 400 and 711, three quarters of the individuals from the south, the east and Portugal carry at least 10%. In the province of Granada, seven of eight individuals buried around AD 500, under Visigothic rule, carry between 15 and 31%, with a median of 23%.

North African ancestry in Iberia, genome by genomeEach dot is one ancient individual from Spain or Portugal (564 genomes since 3100 BC), modelled in Global25; our analysis0%20%40%60%80%100%3000 BC2000 BC1000 BC500 BC0AD 500100015007111609Camino de las Yeseras, MadridLoma del Puerco, CadizPunic Villaricos, AlmeriaVisigothic-era Granadaearly Islamic burial, ValenciaIslamic IbizaChristian cemetery, ValenciaPrehistory (compressed)Iron Age to early modern timesSouthEast and BalearicsPortugalCentreNorthRegion not given
North African share of every dated ancient genome from Spain and Portugal in Global25 since 3100 BC, modelled with period-appropriate Iberian sources, eastern Mediterranean, Levantine, central European and West African sources, and present-day Shilha Berbers as the North African reference. The dashed horizontal line marks the 10% threshold used in this article (our analysis).

The genome-by-genome view shows three distinct phases. Before 1000 BC, the dots lie almost all at zero, with a few isolated exceptions. From the Punic period, North African ancestry appears in a growing number of individuals in the south and east. From the Roman period onwards, a large part of the population of southern Iberia carries it, at levels between 10 and 30%, long before 711.

How common was North African ancestry?Share of ancient individuals with at least 10% North African ancestry, by period; our analysis0%20%40%60%80%100%Copper Age1% (n = 134)0% (n = 45)Bronze Age2% (n = 181)2% (n = 121)Iron Age and Punic11% (n = 62)29% (n = 21)Roman (50 BC to AD 400)53% (n = 19)54% (n = 13)Late Roman and Visigothic (400 to 711)53% (n = 34)74% (n = 19)Islamic period (711 to 1250)54% (n = 83)84% (n = 38)Late medieval (1250 to 1500)66% (n = 32)66% (n = 32)Early modern (after 1500)71% (n = 17)71% (n = 17)All sampled individualsSouth, East and Portugal only
Share of individuals with at least 10% North African ancestry by period, for all sampled individuals and for those from the south, the east, the Balearics and Portugal. Many genomes from the centre and the north have no region given in the data, so the two series overlap (our analysis).

Can our model see this?

A model can always find a few percent of anything, so we tested what our method can and cannot detect. First, we measured the false signal in genomes that should carry no North African ancestry. In 122 Copper Age genomes from before 2300 BC, the median estimate is 0, 95% are below 2.2% and the highest is 7.8%. In 33 Iron Age genomes from outside the Punic towns, 95% are below 3.9% and the highest is 10%. This is why we count an individual as carrying North African ancestry only from 10%.

Second, we added known amounts of Shilha ancestry to real Iron Age and early medieval genomes and measured how much the model recovered. Added amounts of 5%, 10% and 20% were recovered with medians of 5.0, 9.9 and 20.0%, and in 90% of cases at least 1.8, 7.0 and 17.3%. Third, we replaced the Shilha with five other North African references: northern Moroccans, Mozabites from Algeria, Tunisians, Saharawi and Berbers from Roman-period Algeria. The conclusions do not change. For the individual from Granada with the best genome, the share ranges from 22 to 30% with present-day references. The Roman-period Algerian Berbers give higher values, because they were themselves already mixed with Mediterranean ancestry, which is why we use present-day Berbers as the main reference.

711: a consolidation, not a beginning

What did the Islamic conquest change, then? In 2025, Oteo-Garcia and colleagues sequenced genomes from the Valencian region spanning more than a thousand years. Their conclusion is precise: North African ancestry is present but sporadic in late antiquity, and becomes consolidated during the Islamic period. One of the earliest Islamic burials ever sequenced in Iberia, from Vall d'Uixo and dated 706 to 888, comes out 49% North African in our analysis. On Ibiza, conquered in 902, Rodriguez-Varela and colleagues showed in 2026 that the 13 people buried in an Islamic cemetery between 950 and 1150 ranged from mostly European to mostly North African, with admixture dated to the late 9th century and a second influx with the Almoravids. Two of them traced their ancestry to the Sahel, one to Senegambia and one to present-day southern Chad.

In our analysis, the Islamic period raises the share of individuals carrying at least 10% North African ancestry in the south, the east and Portugal from 74% to 84%, and the median from 13 to 18%. It also spreads the ancestry further north: in the centre and the north, it reaches 18% of the individuals of the Islamic period, although the Christian community of Las Gobas, in the province of Burgos, stays close to zero. But in Granada, the comparison is striking. The individuals buried around AD 500 carry a median of 23% North African ancestry. The Muslims of the Nasrid kingdom and the Moriscos of the 15th and 16th centuries, buried in the same province a thousand years later, carry a median of 18%. The Islamic conquest did not bring North African ancestry to Granada. It renewed and extended an ancestry that was already there.

And yet, the North African ancestry of present-day Spaniards seems to date mostly from the Islamic period. In the largest genetic study of modern Spain, Bycroft and colleagues analysed 1,413 people and dated the admixture behind their North African ancestry to between 860 and 1120, in the first half of Muslim rule. Such dates are averages, and an older Roman layer could be hidden in them, but they suggest that much of the earlier ancestry was diluted or replaced. To see why, we need to look at what came next.

1609: the real break

In 1609, Philip III ordered the expulsion of the Moriscos, the descendants of the Muslims of al-Andalus who had been forced to convert. More than 300,000 people were deported to North Africa, and in the Kingdom of Valencia more than a third of the population left. The Valencian genomes allow us to follow one region across 1,300 years.

Valencia: 1,300 years in one regionNorth African ancestry in individuals from the Valencian region, in chronological order (genomes from Oteo-Garcia et al. 2025); our analysis0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%Roman Valencia, about AD 3309%Late Visigothic, Gandia, 113%Late Visigothic, Gandia, 210%Early Islamic burial, 8th century49%Islamic, Vall d'Uixo, 118%Islamic, Vall d'Uixo, 228%Islamic, Vall d'Uixo, 322%Islamic, 14th century27%Christian, late medieval, 123%Christian, late medieval, 217%Christian, post-medieval, 162%Christian, post-medieval, 26%Present-day Valencians5%
Individuals from the Valencian region sequenced by Oteo-Garcia et al. (2025), modelled in Global25, compared with present-day Valencians (our analysis). Dates are approximate.

The sequence is clear. A Roman individual and two late Visigothic individuals carry about 10%. The Islamic burials carry between 18 and 49%. Two Christians buried in the late Middle Ages still carry 17 and 23%. One of the two post-medieval Christians carries 62%, the other 6%. Present-day Valencians carry about 5%. Oteo-Garcia and colleagues found that North African ancestry persisted in a Christian cemetery of Valencia into the 17th century and then fell sharply. They also noted that it can still be found in South America, carried by colonists who left Spain before the expulsion.

What is left today

We modelled present-day Iberian populations with the same sources as the ancient genomes. North African ancestry ranges from 0 in the Basques to 11% in Portugal and Extremadura, with values around 10% in Castile and Leon, Galicia and Asturias, about 9% in Andalusia and Murcia, and 4 to 6% in Catalonia, Valencia, Aragon and the Balearics. This west-high, east-low pattern matches earlier studies, which found the highest fractions in western regions and the lowest in the northeast, and the range of 0 to 11% found by Bycroft and colleagues. The Canary Islands stand apart, at about 20%, because their North African ancestry comes mostly from the Guanches, the Indigenous islanders who came from North Africa long before any Castilian conquest.

What is left todayNorth African ancestry in present-day Iberian regions, same model as for the ancient genomes; our analysis0%5%10%15%20%25%Basques (Gipuzkoa)0%Balearic Islands4%Castilla-La Mancha4%Aragon4%Valencia5%Cantabria5%Catalonia6%Andalusia9%Murcia9%Galicia10%Asturias10%Castile and Leon10%Extremadura11%Portugal11%Canary Islands20%Canary Islands: mostly from the Indigenous Guanches, who came from North Africa, not from al-Andalus.
Present-day Iberian populations modelled with the same sources as the ancient genomes (our analysis).

The low values of the east, where al-Andalus lasted longest, are the mark of the expulsion and of the repopulation of the Valencian lands by Christians from the north. The higher values of the west are harder to explain. They may reflect the north to south movements of the Reconquista, which Bycroft and colleagues also detected, and the different fates of the Muslim populations of the west and of the east.

So, were the Moors the first?

No. The genomes show three layers. The first is made of rare individuals in prehistory, like the man from Camino de las Yeseras, who left almost no trace in later populations. The second is a substantial North African presence in the Punic towns and in Roman and Visigothic Hispania, which reached about a fifth of the ancestry of many southern Iberians centuries before 711. The third is the Islamic period, which consolidated and spread that ancestry across much of the peninsula and renewed it with new migrants from the Maghreb and beyond.

What the Moors were is the last and the best documented of these waves, and the one whose genetic signature dominates in present-day Iberians. But the idea that North African ancestry in Spain began in 711 does not survive the ancient genomes. The Strait of Gibraltar is 14 kilometres wide, and people have been crossing it in both directions for at least seven thousand years.

Key points

  • The oldest known North African in Iberia is a man buried at Camino de las Yeseras, near Madrid, around 2300 BC. In prehistory such individuals were rare: 4 of 315 Copper and Bronze Age genomes carry at least 10% North African ancestry, two of them only possibly.
  • The first documented crossing went south: farmers with Iberian Neolithic ancestry brought farming to Morocco around 5400 BC.
  • North African ancestry became common in the Punic, Roman and Visigothic south. Three quarters of the individuals from the south, the east and Portugal dated AD 400 to 711 carry at least 10%.
  • In Granada, people buried around AD 500 carry as much North African ancestry (median 23%) as the Nasrid Muslims and Moriscos buried there a thousand years later (18%).
  • The Islamic period consolidated and spread this ancestry; the expulsion of the Moriscos in 1609 erased most of it in the east.
  • Present-day Iberians carry 0 to 11% North African ancestry, more in the west than in the east, and its admixture dates mostly from the early Islamic period.

Global25 coordinates used in this article

The sources of our models, the key ancient individuals discussed in the text and present-day reference populations. They can be pasted directly into the Vahaduo tool.

Berber_Morocco_Shilha_avg21,-0.062912,0.135621,-0.004288,-0.080651,0.032556,-0.039096,-0.032576,0.007191,0.081723,0.034385,0.006718,-0.009673,0.027948,-0.020002,0.023047,-0.019962,-0.003584,-0.026156,-0.058336,0.010661,-0.017983,-0.053258,0.033250,-0.004601,0.008132
Spain_Catalonia_IA_avg7,0.125531,0.143335,0.056945,0.001892,0.057945,-0.001434,-0.003290,0.003989,0.029013,0.044752,-0.005475,0.010469,-0.023042,-0.011698,0.006263,0.011573,0.014193,-0.001014,0.004058,0.000929,0.002103,0.000972,-0.009666,-0.010345,-0.001026
Spain_Valencia_IA_avg3,0.122929,0.154022,0.057322,0.006245,0.063089,-0.007902,-0.002977,0.005384,0.035860,0.050297,-0.002165,0.012039,-0.023241,-0.017386,0.011310,-0.000972,-0.001043,0.003547,0.003938,-0.007003,0.009109,-0.002720,-0.002013,-0.018476,-0.002155
Turkey_Anatolia_Roman_EastMed_avg3,0.110408,0.152329,-0.040478,-0.072352,-0.001333,-0.019894,-0.002429,-0.008308,-0.003886,0.020350,0.002652,0.003847,-0.008176,0.005321,-0.015337,-0.002563,0.001912,0.002703,0.006746,-0.011797,-0.001872,0.001360,0.000780,0.000723,0.003592
Lebanon_IAIII_Beirut_avg8,0.086790,0.150552,-0.047234,-0.087735,-0.009771,-0.031968,-0.004847,-0.009000,0.008922,0.011663,0.006841,-0.004458,0.009737,0.000602,-0.008398,0.002536,0.000799,-0.000317,0.003441,0.000000,0.001685,0.005085,-0.003959,0.000964,-0.002455
Germany_EarlyMedieval_Niederstotzingen_avg4,0.130328,0.130242,0.064488,0.052245,0.037623,0.016733,0.008049,0.005827,0.000256,0.001367,-0.003897,0.009666,-0.014792,-0.012799,0.020799,0.015016,0.003618,0.003769,0.003237,0.004689,0.004867,0.004946,-0.000154,0.014821,-0.000180
Yoruba_Nigeria_avg38,-0.630071,0.063791,0.021674,0.016422,0.000462,0.013159,-0.044732,0.047597,-0.048806,0.033464,0.005316,0.001850,0.024443,0.001351,0.012854,-0.010502,0.007229,0.000570,0.006086,-0.003097,0.001080,0.002372,-0.001314,-0.000701,0.000076
Spain_Andalusia_CA_avg13,0.120390,0.164438,0.049461,-0.038586,0.085554,-0.022912,-0.005694,0.001757,0.063182,0.090389,-0.002286,0.015863,-0.031619,-0.014450,-0.009083,-0.001999,0.008565,0.001891,-0.000580,-0.005099,0.009032,0.000837,-0.015017,-0.036780,0.002515
Spain_Valencia_CA_avg16,0.126486,0.169720,0.050723,-0.041849,0.085516,-0.025553,-0.004054,0.000793,0.065690,0.093886,-0.002020,0.016729,-0.032510,-0.016713,-0.006778,0.001981,0.008418,0.002407,0.002687,-0.002650,0.009936,0.002604,-0.014058,-0.036624,-0.000023
Spain_Castile_and_Leon_CA_avg17,0.125339,0.163859,0.059341,-0.025878,0.087890,-0.021573,-0.003732,0.002009,0.065977,0.088974,-0.000325,0.013294,-0.029277,-0.015875,-0.004064,0.005662,0.008766,0.003234,-0.000931,-0.001832,0.016082,0.003899,-0.014500,-0.041225,0.001296
Spain_Murcia_CA_avg6,0.122360,0.170609,0.050911,-0.038599,0.088786,-0.024264,-0.003173,-0.000308,0.065618,0.100017,-0.001056,0.015761,-0.031219,-0.014657,-0.010564,0.000685,0.005280,0.002090,0.001613,0.001375,0.005761,0.001896,-0.012448,-0.035788,0.002215
Spain_Castile_and_Leon_EBA_avg4,0.127197,0.151060,0.057700,0.001857,0.063935,-0.002370,-0.007344,0.001846,0.042746,0.053896,-0.004709,0.012514,-0.020441,-0.013143,0.005327,0.000795,0.001467,0.004181,-0.000251,-0.004221,0.010887,0.006182,-0.012202,-0.021991,0.006616
Spain_Valencia_EBA_avg7,0.126181,0.158423,0.059154,-0.006045,0.070079,-0.010279,-0.002048,0.005274,0.046573,0.066256,-0.002227,0.011433,-0.024274,-0.018225,0.002986,0.001383,0.001378,0.001484,-0.003214,-0.004073,0.009358,0.002579,-0.011709,-0.030762,0.001831
Spain_Catalonia_EBA_avg10,0.126116,0.150501,0.060528,0.002810,0.066197,-0.005885,-0.000634,-0.000323,0.035567,0.055017,-0.002208,0.008389,-0.024945,-0.019102,0.001479,0.011509,0.011852,0.001989,0.001370,0.002639,0.010731,0.004068,-0.011980,-0.017569,0.000144
Yamnaya_proxy,0.122705,0.088008,0.043067,0.114807,-0.027825,0.045324,0.003886,-0.002247,-0.054246,-0.074782,0.000594,-0.000918,-0.001411,-0.022081,0.037107,0.012261,-0.005655,-0.002144,-0.002346,0.010823,-0.004178,0.001747,0.009521,0.020956,-0.003914
Spain_CaminoDeLasYeseras_I4246_BC2259,-0.048944,0.141159,-0.004148,-0.088825,0.040007,-0.046296,-0.035252,0.007846,0.090604,0.045377,0.011042,0.001199,0.004757,-0.015551,0.022394,-0.017104,0.001304,-0.018750,-0.029288,0.003752,-0.007237,-0.019290,0.013064,-0.005904,0.008502
Spain_LomaDelPuerco_I7162_BC1810,0.100164,0.156392,0.046386,-0.004522,0.065551,-0.016733,-0.011281,0.003231,0.053790,0.055582,0.003897,0.004646,-0.016501,-0.009909,0.010722,-0.013392,-0.005346,-0.000507,-0.018226,-0.006628,0.002246,-0.008408,-0.010106,-0.019521,-0.001796
Spain_Zapateria_Argar_ZAP002_BC1875,0.094473,0.138112,0.025644,-0.028101,0.036007,-0.017849,-0.011045,0.006000,0.024134,0.028429,-0.003735,0.004046,0.001487,-0.017891,-0.002714,0.014054,0.021383,-0.007981,-0.007919,0.003377,0.004617,-0.016322,-0.000493,-0.004579,0.005269
Spain_Villaricos_Punic_I18193_BC268,-0.081953,0.128972,-0.007920,-0.076874,0.038469,-0.043507,-0.045357,0.009230,0.098990,0.028611,0.007307,-0.010940,0.020812,-0.023396,0.023480,-0.024662,-0.004694,-0.032306,-0.061592,0.007504,-0.020339,-0.047235,0.029210,-0.017593,0.004790
Spain_Villaricos_Punic_I18189_BC271,-0.028456,0.138112,0.002640,-0.071060,0.037853,-0.054105,-0.035722,0.009230,0.084468,0.047564,0.005846,-0.010191,0.011298,-0.022432,0.010315,-0.020154,-0.008475,-0.018497,-0.045754,0.010505,-0.013726,-0.042413,0.020213,-0.018075,0.002275
Spain_Granada_I3576_AD482,0.079676,0.145221,0.019610,-0.034884,0.031083,-0.017291,-0.004700,0.007615,0.037837,0.032438,-0.002598,0.002847,-0.001041,-0.001376,0.014522,-0.010209,-0.000522,0.005194,-0.010810,0.002376,0.003868,-0.019166,0.008381,-0.011809,0.003233
Spain_Granada_I3581_AD500,0.085367,0.155376,0.022627,-0.032946,0.031083,-0.012829,-0.005405,0.003461,0.035792,0.032438,0.002436,0.004496,-0.009068,-0.007569,0.010179,0.001326,0.010040,-0.003801,-0.015964,0.003502,0.000000,-0.018672,0.009860,-0.000964,0.000599
Portugal_Centro_Roman_ID25538_AD160,0.025041,0.143190,0.024890,-0.037468,0.036314,-0.018686,-0.017861,0.006231,0.056858,0.033349,0.007632,0.001798,0.001338,-0.018304,0.020494,-0.019225,-0.016298,-0.017356,-0.030042,0.002251,0.000499,-0.029306,0.013188,-0.017231,-0.008263
Spain_Valencia_Islamic_GOG023_AD797,0.029594,0.145221,0.001131,-0.047481,0.032621,-0.027889,-0.013631,0.009692,0.055426,0.032985,0.000162,-0.005995,0.006690,-0.011836,0.011672,-0.019225,-0.002086,-0.013556,-0.027528,0.003877,-0.002870,-0.023741,0.014420,-0.000241,0.001916
Spain_Ibiza_Medieval_s107_AD1050,-0.028456,0.137096,0.013953,-0.060078,0.038776,-0.026216,-0.035487,0.005769,0.065857,0.034443,0.004060,-0.006894,0.017393,-0.018029,0.026737,-0.016971,-0.003390,-0.017230,-0.042737,-0.000500,-0.009608,-0.042908,0.022678,-0.005543,0.009819
Spain_Granada_Nasrid_I7425_AD1550,0.058050,0.143190,0.026021,-0.025517,0.032314,-0.013108,-0.010810,-0.003000,0.023316,0.024784,-0.002761,0.005245,-0.000297,-0.013074,0.011943,-0.008751,-0.018384,-0.004687,-0.004399,0.002751,-0.000873,-0.007666,0.000000,-0.005181,0.001317
Spain_Valencia_Christian_GOG059_AD1550,-0.018212,0.128972,-0.003771,-0.067830,0.022466,-0.025658,-0.022561,0.017768,0.048677,0.029887,0.009094,-0.002997,0.019029,-0.014863,0.015201,-0.024264,-0.003781,-0.008108,-0.039595,-0.004252,-0.008111,-0.021763,0.025019,-0.010724,0.002036
Spain_Valencia_Christian_GOG060_AD1650,0.117238,0.136081,0.038843,0.010659,0.044624,-0.003068,0.001410,0.006923,0.020043,0.024602,-0.003735,0.007493,-0.017839,-0.017340,0.016151,-0.003447,-0.013560,-0.002154,-0.001508,-0.007504,0.003993,-0.006059,-0.007518,-0.005422,-0.009340
Spanish_Andalusia_avg33,0.107959,0.145559,0.036386,-0.004160,0.044129,-0.005620,-0.002457,0.002517,0.024506,0.032013,-0.002047,0.006331,-0.012402,-0.011481,0.009648,-0.001322,-0.005753,-0.001317,-0.004038,-0.001478,0.002613,-0.000671,-0.001826,-0.003914,0.001205
Spanish_Valencia_avg17,0.116635,0.146117,0.039553,-0.001615,0.044968,-0.002182,-0.002156,0.001724,0.023364,0.032170,-0.003210,0.008375,-0.013056,-0.013463,0.008367,0.000452,-0.001710,-0.001520,-0.001242,-0.000633,0.004059,-0.002219,-0.001544,-0.004678,0.001254
Spanish_Galicia_avg19,0.108372,0.145809,0.041047,-0.001088,0.040996,-0.000308,-0.005022,0.002393,0.024478,0.029561,-0.002299,0.005845,-0.012448,-0.012458,0.010829,0.000684,-0.003857,-0.002080,-0.004657,-0.001211,0.000736,-0.002636,-0.000915,-0.003406,0.001204
Portuguese_avg54,0.104370,0.144895,0.037173,-0.003409,0.042205,-0.003378,-0.003402,0.002997,0.025839,0.029041,-0.002356,0.006232,-0.012222,-0.011197,0.010800,-0.001518,-0.003080,-0.000968,-0.004367,-0.000832,0.001745,-0.002320,0.001253,-0.001836,-0.000363
Basque_Gipuzkoa,0.131000,0.148452,0.053894,0.011187,0.055199,0.001268,-0.003995,0.000546,0.029767,0.041566,-0.005462,0.012602,-0.020637,-0.017741,0.015953,0.005846,-0.003023,0.001405,-0.000686,-0.005150,0.005615,-0.001259,-0.010409,-0.010363,0.001404

References

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  10. Data Global25 coordinates by Davidski (Eurogenes), and the Moriopoulos Collection 2026 of averages and ancient individuals. Models, tests and figures: ExploreYourDNA.