Population genetics | Egypt | Ancient DNA

Was Cleopatra Greek or Egyptian?

In 2023 a Netflix series reopened an old fight over Cleopatra's origins. No genome of any Ptolemy has ever been sequenced. But ancient Macedonian and Egyptian genomes now allow a different question: what would Cleopatra's DNA look like under each hypothesis, and could a genome ever tell them apart?

0genomes of any member of the Ptolemaic dynasty: no royal Ptolemaic remains have ever been securely identified
2women in Cleopatra's close family tree whose identity is uncertain: her paternal grandmother and, possibly, her mother
25%the smallest Egyptian share that a single ancient genome could detect with some confidence in our tests. An Egyptian great-grandmother would stay invisible

Hero image: AI generated illustration of a royal sculptors' workshop in Alexandria around 40 BC, with the Pharos lighthouse across the harbour. A Greek sculptor carves a marble bust of a queen wearing a royal diadem, while an Egyptian artisan polishes a black stone statue of the same queen in pharaonic dress with a triple uraeus, the two ways in which Cleopatra was actually portrayed. Clothing, buildings and the scene are approximations, and the statues are not copies of any surviving portrait.

In April 2023, two weeks before Netflix released its docudrama "Queen Cleopatra", in which a biracial British actress plays the queen, Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities issued a statement: Cleopatra had light skin and Hellenistic features, and her statues proved her Macedonian origins. An Egyptian lawyer sued the streaming service for erasing Egyptian identity. On the other side, some writers have long argued that Cleopatra was partly or largely African, through women whose names history has lost.

Both sides argue from statues, coins and family trees. None argues from DNA, for a simple reason: Cleopatra's tomb has never been found, and no Ptolemy has ever been sequenced. What genetics can do is more modest and more useful. Using ancient genomes from Macedonia and Egypt, we built the genetic profile that Cleopatra would have under each historical hypothesis, and we tested whether a genome, if one were ever found, could tell them apart.

Cleopatra and the DNA questionKey dates, from Alexander to the latest genetic studies332 BCAlexander takes EgyptHis general Ptolemy, son of Lagos, a Macedonian noble,becomes satrap after his death in 323 BC.305 BCPtolemy I becomes kingA Macedonian dynasty rules Egypt from Alexandriafor almost three centuries.c. 275 BCPtolemy II marries his sisterSibling and cousin marriages become a dynastic habit,keeping power inside one family.193 BCCleopatra I, a Seleucid princessBrings Seleucid and, through them, Persian and Sogdianancestors into the Ptolemaic line.c. 117 BCPtolemy XII is bornSon of Ptolemy IX and a woman whose nameand origin are unknown.69 BCCleopatra VII is bornHer mother is probably Cleopatra V, but thisis debated.41 BCArsinoe IV killed at EphesusCleopatra's younger sister, executed onMark Antony's orders.30 BCDeath of CleopatraEgypt becomes a Roman province. Her tombhas never been found.2023Netflix "Queen Cleopatra"A biracial British actress plays Cleopatra; Egypt'santiquities council protests.2025DNA tests two famous claimsThe Ephesus "Arsinoe" skull is a boy's; a study of VerginaTomb I rules out Philip II, though not all agree.Sources: Roller 2010; Weber 2025; Maniatis 2025; press coverage of the 2023 series.
Key dates for the Ptolemaic dynasty and for the genetic studies that bear on it. Dates are approximate.

What the family tree says

The Ptolemaic dynasty began with Ptolemy, son of Lagos, a Macedonian noble and general of Alexander the Great, who took Egypt after Alexander's death and made himself king in 305 BC. For almost three centuries his descendants ruled from Alexandria, married their sisters, nieces and cousins, and spoke Greek. According to Plutarch, Cleopatra VII was the first of her dynasty to learn Egyptian at all.

The family tree is not purely Macedonian, though. In 193 BC, Ptolemy V married Cleopatra I, daughter of the Seleucid king Antiochus III. Through her, the Ptolemies inherited the Seleucid line, which went back to Apama, the Sogdian wife of Seleucus I, and to Laodice III, a princess of the kings of Pontus, a dynasty of Persian origin. A rough count through the tree gives Cleopatra VII a small Iranian share, on the order of 5 to 10%, if all her other ancestors were Ptolemies. We used 8%, and less in the hypotheses where other ancestors are unknown.

Cleopatra's family tree: what is known and what is notA simplified view of the Ptolemaic line, with its Seleucid and Iranian branch and its two unknown womenPtolemy I SoterMacedonian general, king 305 BCSeleucus I and ApamaApama: a Sogdian noblewomanMithridates II of Pontusa dynasty of Persian originPtolemy II to Ptolemy IVsibling and cousin marriagesAntiochus III and Laodice IIISeleucid king and a Pontic princessCleopatra I "the Syrian"Seleucid princess, married Ptolemy V in 193 BCPtolemy Vking of EgyptPtolemy VI, Ptolemy VIII, Cleopatra II, Cleopatra IIImore sibling and uncle and niece marriagesPtolemy IXking, grandfather of Cleopatra VIIAn unknown womanmother of Ptolemy XII, never namedPtolemy XII Auletescalled the "bastard" by his enemiesCleopatra VII's motherprobably Cleopatra V Tryphaena, possibly an unknown womanCleopatra VII (69 to 30 BC)
Simplified family tree of Cleopatra VII. Many generations are compressed; sibling and cousin marriages mean that the same ancestors appear many times in the full tree. Dashed: women whose identity is unknown or uncertain.

Two women are the problem. Cleopatra's father, Ptolemy XII, was the son of Ptolemy IX and a woman who is never named; his enemies called him the bastard. Cleopatra's own mother was probably Ptolemy XII's wife, Cleopatra V Tryphaena; the classicist Michael Grant noted that her many Roman enemies would surely have attacked her as illegitimate if she had not been. But the German historian Werner Huss and the American historian Duane Roller have suggested that her mother may have been an unknown woman, possibly from the Egyptian priestly families of Memphis and partly Egyptian herself. Roller adds that, whatever her ancestry, Cleopatra valued her Greek Ptolemaic heritage the most. The paternal grandmother could have been Greek, Egyptian, or something else entirely: we simply do not know.

The genomes we have

For the Macedonian side, Global25 includes three people buried in what is now North Macedonia in Classical and Hellenistic times (393 to 121 BC), nine from the Iron Age before them, and one exceptional individual: a young woman of 18 to 25 buried in Tomb I of the Great Tumulus at Vergina, ancient Aegae, the royal necropolis of the Macedonian kings. In 2025, Yannis Maniatis and colleagues dated her to the first half of the 4th century BC, alongside a man of 25 to 35 who was most likely an important member of the royal Argead house, and argued that he could not be Philip II, the father of Alexander, as had long been claimed, a conclusion that some researchers still dispute. Her genome has low coverage (22%), but it is the closest we can get to the Macedonian court.

These ancient Macedonians are, in Global25, closest to present-day central Italians and to Greeks of the Peloponnese and Thessaly, at 24 to 28 units. They show how mobile the Hellenistic world already was: one person buried in Macedonia around 300 BC has a profile almost identical to present-day Lebanese, a reminder that Alexander's conquests moved people in both directions. For the Egyptian side, we used the Late Period Egyptians of Abusir el-Meleq, already used in our article on the Copts. For the Iranian branch, we combined three people of Achaemenid to Seleucid date from Iran with Kushan-era Central Asians, and for a possible Nubian ancestor, the Christian Nubians of Kulubnarti, the closest Nubian genomes available.

Six hypotheses for Cleopatra

We then built Cleopatra's profile under six hypotheses: fully Ptolemaic; one Egyptian great-grandmother; an Egyptian paternal grandmother; an Egyptian mother; both an Egyptian mother and grandmother, the upper limit allowed by the record; and a Nubian grandmother. For each one we looked for the closest present-day populations.

Six hypotheses for Cleopatra, and what each would look likeBuilt from ancient Macedonian, Egyptian, Iranian and Nubian genomes; closest present-day populations in Global25 (our analysis)0%25%50%75%100%to CoptsFully Ptolemaictoday: Greeks of Thessaly, central Italians928161One Egyptian great-grandmothertoday: southern Italians, eastern Sicilians80127143An Egyptian grandmothertoday: Sicilians, Calabrians, Italian Jews69256125An Egyptian mothertoday: Romaniote and North African Jews465090Egyptian mother and grandmothertoday: Libyan Jews, Samaritans, Palestinians237558A Nubian grandmothertoday: no close match69625101MacedonianEgyptian (Late Period)Iranian (Seleucid line)NubianRight column: distance to present-day Copts. None of the hypotheses makes Cleopatra close to living Egyptians.
Hypothetical profiles of Cleopatra built as mixtures of ancient Macedonians (Classical to Hellenistic), Late Period Egyptians, an Iranian proxy (Achaemenid to Seleucid Iranians and Kushan-era Central Asians) and Christian-era Nubians, with the closest present-day populations in Global25 (our analysis). Right column: distance to present-day Copts.

A fully Ptolemaic Cleopatra would sit among Greeks of Thessaly and the Peloponnese, Tsakonians and central Italians, about 22 units away. With one Egyptian great-grandmother, she would move towards southern Italians and eastern Sicilians. With an Egyptian grandmother, towards Sicilians, Calabrians and Italian and Ashkenazi Jews. With an Egyptian mother, towards Romaniote and North African Jewish communities, and with both, towards Libyan and Tunisian Jews, Samaritans and Palestinians. A Nubian grandmother would give her a profile with no close modern equivalent at all. These matches do not mean any ancestry from these groups: they are simply the present-day populations that also combine southern European and eastern Mediterranean ancestry in similar proportions.

The striking result is on the right of the chart. Under every hypothesis, Cleopatra stays far from present-day Copts: 161 units if fully Ptolemaic, still 90 with an Egyptian mother, and 58 at the very upper limit. The same pattern holds whichever Macedonian genomes we use, the Vergina woman, the Iron Age Macedonians or Classical Greeks from Ambracia: the closest populations change slightly, the picture does not. On the genetic map, all the hypotheses fall on a line from the Macedonians towards the ancient Egyptians, and Cleopatra could only reach Egypt's genetic neighbourhood if almost all her recent ancestors had been Egyptian, which the record rules out.

Where would Cleopatra fall on the genetic map?Present-day Mediterranean and Near Eastern populations, ancient Macedonians and Egyptians, and five hypotheses for Cleopatra (our analysis)Iberia, FranceItaly, northGreeceAegean, CreteJewish diasporasAnatolia, Armenia, IranLevantArabiaNorth AfricaS. Italy, SicilyCoptsEgyptian MuslimsAncient MacedoniansLate Period EgyptiansOld Kingdom (Nuwayrat)Vergina woman0%12.5%25%50%75%Nubian grandmotherPC1 (52%): Europe to Arabia and AfricaPC2 (27%): Near East (down) to North Africa (up)Cleopatra: share of Egyptian ancestryMacedoniansLate Period EgyptiansEgyptians today
Principal component analysis of present-day populations of the Mediterranean and Near East (grey), with ancient Macedonians, ancient Egyptians and the hypothetical profiles of Cleopatra projected (our analysis).

Could a genome tell?

Suppose Cleopatra's body were found tomorrow and yielded a genome of typical ancient quality. Could it distinguish these hypotheses? We simulated 500 genomes for each of four true Egyptian shares, added random noise of about 40 units, on the high side of what separates individuals of the same ancient group in Global25, and estimated their Egyptian share.

Could DNA tell how Egyptian Cleopatra was?Egyptian share estimated from simulated genomes, for four true values (our analysis)0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%0% (fully Ptolemaic)noise of an average ancient genomewrong Macedonian reference12.5% (great-grandmother)noise of an average ancient genomewrong Macedonian reference25% (grandmother)noise of an average ancient genomewrong Macedonian reference50% (mother)noise of an average ancient genomewrong Macedonian referenceReal Greeks of Ambracia and Tenea17 genomes, no Egyptian parent expectedGreen: 90% of simulations (circle = median). Red: range when the Greek reference does not match. Dashed gold: true value.Purple: southern Greeks modelled with a Macedonian reference already show 8 to 29% "Egyptian" ancestry.
Egyptian share estimated by the model for simulated Ptolemaic genomes with a known true share (500 simulations each, random noise of 40 units), and range of estimates when the Greek reference does not match the one used to build the genome. Bottom: real Archaic to Hellenistic Greeks of Ambracia and Tenea modelled the same way (our analysis).

An Egyptian mother (50%) would be detected without ambiguity: 90% of estimates fall between 37 and 58%. An Egyptian grandmother (25%) would usually be detected, between 13 and 33%. But an Egyptian great-grandmother (12.5%) would be indistinguishable from none at all: estimates range from 0 to 20%. The bigger problem is the reference. When the Greek reference used in the model does not match the Ptolemies' real origin, estimates move by up to 20 points. Real southern Greeks of Ambracia and Tenea, from the 6th to the 2nd century BC, modelled with a Macedonian reference, already show 8 to 29% of "Egyptian" ancestry (median 12%) that they almost certainly did not have. A modest Egyptian signal in a Ptolemaic genome would therefore prove little.

A genome could say other things with more confidence. It would give the sex, and the degree of kinship with any relative found later. It would show the long stretches of identical DNA left by marriages between close relatives, as in the elite Neolithic man of Newgrange in Ireland, whose parents were first-degree relatives; for a dynasty that married brothers to sisters, this signal would be strong. It could also give probabilities for eye, hair and skin colour from known variants, though not certainties, and not from Global25, which does not contain them.

What it could not do on its own is prove that the body is Cleopatra's. There is no reference genome of any Ptolemy to compare with. The best hope would be a half-sibling such as Arsinoe IV, killed at Ephesus in 41 BC on Mark Antony's orders. For decades, a skeleton from the Octagon, a monument in Ephesus, was presented as hers. In 2025, Gerhard Weber and colleagues showed that it belonged to a boy of 11 to 14, with ancestry from the Italian peninsula or Sardinia. DNA can kill a legend faster than it can confirm one.

What DNA cannot say

Even a perfect genome would not answer the question as it is usually asked. Cleopatra was, by every known measure, a Greek-speaking queen of a Macedonian dynasty who ruled Egypt as pharaoh, appeared in Egyptian dress on temple walls, and was the first of her line to speak Egyptian. Her statues show her both ways, as the illustration above recalls: a Greek queen with a diadem and an Egyptian queen with the triple cobra. Ancient people did not sort themselves into modern racial categories, and neither "Greek" nor "Egyptian" is a colour. The most likely answer, from the record and from the genomes we have, is a mostly Macedonian Greek woman with a small Iranian share and an open question about two women. Whether one of them was Egyptian would change Cleopatra's genome far less than many people assume, and her identity not at all.

Some limits should be stated. Our Macedonian genomes are few and come partly from the north of historical Macedonia. The Ptolemies were an elite whose real origins within Macedonia are unknown. Our Iranian share is a rough count through a tree with many uncertain links, and the Nubian proxy dates from centuries after Cleopatra. The simulations add random noise, while real ancient genomes also carry damage and contamination. And all of this concerns a woman whose body has never been found.

Key points

  • No genome of any Ptolemy exists; Cleopatra's tomb has never been found, and the Ephesus skeleton attributed to her sister Arsinoe IV proved to be a boy's.
  • Cleopatra's paternal grandmother is unknown and her mother uncertain; through the Seleucids she probably also carried a small Iranian share.
  • A fully Ptolemaic Cleopatra would resemble present-day Greeks and central Italians; an Egyptian grandmother would move her towards Sicilians and southern Italians, an Egyptian mother towards eastern Mediterranean populations.
  • Under no hypothesis allowed by the record does Cleopatra come close to present-day Copts or Egyptians in Global25.
  • A genome could detect an Egyptian mother, probably a grandmother, but not a great-grandmother, and the choice of Greek reference alone can create a false Egyptian signal of 10 to 20%.
  • Skin colour and identity are not in Global25: Cleopatra was a Macedonian Greek queen who ruled, dressed and spoke as an Egyptian pharaoh.

Global25 coordinates used in this article

The ancient Macedonian, Greek, Egyptian, Iranian and Nubian genomes used to build the hypotheses, and the present-day populations that come closest to them. They can be pasted directly into the Vahaduo tool.

Greece_Vergina_TombI_woman_DEM3237,0.133173,0.144205,0.016593,-0.046835,0.029852,-0.018686,0.005405,0.005077,-0.001636,0.033167,0.003410,0.007194,-0.021704,-0.006744,-0.012079,-0.000133,0.008736,-0.008108,0.006411,-0.011255,-0.015223,-0.011500,-0.008504,0.011447,-0.001796
Macedonia_Classical_Hellenistic_avg,0.121791,0.153683,0.012068,-0.029931,0.021337,-0.012550,-0.005797,-0.007384,0.003409,0.019621,0.004872,0.009492,-0.012240,0.006468,-0.007012,-0.014938,-0.004955,0.000253,0.006746,-0.003168,-0.008443,0.001360,-0.000945,0.000201,-0.001836
NorthMacedonia_I10390_BC_393,0.128620,0.152329,0.024513,-0.024548,0.030467,-0.004183,-0.000470,-0.006692,0.003681,0.024784,0.005359,0.006145,-0.017393,-0.001101,-0.004750,-0.014717,-0.008736,-0.004561,0.002263,-0.017508,-0.010482,0.006306,0.004437,0.005904,-0.003832
NorthMacedonia_I10391_BC_300,0.121791,0.155376,0.017725,-0.027455,0.027390,-0.020080,-0.006815,-0.010153,0.008795,0.030433,0.002436,0.005845,-0.012487,0.010184,-0.013165,-0.017369,-0.003129,0.005194,0.008547,-0.011380,-0.007612,0.002349,-0.004437,0.008555,0.002754
NorthMacedonia_I10392_BC_300,0.093335,0.136081,-0.057699,-0.080104,-0.014464,-0.028726,-0.001410,-0.001385,-0.003272,0.010387,0.004547,-0.003747,0.018731,0.011560,-0.008958,0.009281,-0.002086,0.002027,0.005279,0.002126,0.003619,0.007543,-0.012325,0.001084,-0.000718
NorthMacedonia_I10167_BC_121,0.113823,0.147252,-0.009805,-0.037791,0.004308,-0.014781,-0.005640,-0.005307,-0.011658,0.001640,0.010718,0.012589,-0.011150,0.004954,0.004072,-0.016309,-0.005476,-0.002787,0.003520,0.011380,-0.002496,-0.002349,-0.003204,-0.003374,0.002874
North_Macedonia_IA_avg9,0.126091,0.150975,0.024052,-0.017406,0.027082,-0.007437,-0.000131,-0.002385,0.001909,0.030170,0.002454,0.007277,-0.015807,-0.007110,-0.011054,0.000589,0.009330,0.004096,0.007123,-0.005794,-0.011729,0.003888,-0.001136,0.007083,-0.002129
Greece_Classical_Ambracia_avg5,0.122474,0.159032,0.001508,-0.054135,0.024989,-0.020303,0.001739,-0.006138,0.006667,0.039982,0.001981,0.009532,-0.013379,-0.000881,-0.022910,-0.002148,0.014655,0.000203,0.007341,-0.009705,-0.013326,-0.000099,0.002588,0.007326,-0.002059
Greece_Hellenistic_Tenea_avg2,0.117238,0.157915,-0.010183,-0.062339,0.014618,-0.024403,0.005757,-0.005653,-0.001739,0.027973,0.002760,0.008767,-0.009515,-0.006193,-0.015133,-0.006365,0.006259,-0.001901,0.006348,-0.004189,-0.007674,0.001113,0.004437,0.008615,-0.003713
Greece_BA_Mycenaean,0.116782,0.162180,-0.008183,-0.060950,0.022835,-0.026411,-0.001058,-0.003323,0.005502,0.043609,0.007827,0.012664,-0.014628,0.000702,-0.020643,-0.007611,0.014603,0.001723,0.009666,-0.004115,-0.006813,0.004390,-0.004498,0.000374,-0.002048
Egypt_LatePeriod_Abusir_avg2,0.050082,0.146744,-0.042426,-0.118380,-0.002001,-0.049782,-0.015628,-0.004731,0.047449,0.006196,0.009012,-0.011465,0.029732,-0.005849,-0.000815,-0.002056,-0.007431,-0.001963,-0.003520,0.012006,0.005615,0.001669,0.003635,0.003916,-0.000598
Egypt_OldKingdom_Nuwayrat,0.011382,0.129988,-0.043746,-0.122095,0.008925,-0.052710,-0.029141,-0.006000,0.078128,-0.005832,0.008607,-0.017984,0.044152,0.000000,0.006650,0.009546,-0.003260,-0.007348,-0.010559,0.023761,0.002496,-0.002844,0.009860,0.012532,-0.003832
Iran_Achaemenid-Seleucid_MarsinChal_avg3,0.089161,0.100537,-0.102828,-0.018842,-0.082272,0.014781,0.009243,0.002000,-0.063948,-0.036933,-0.005196,0.004146,-0.004807,-0.002110,0.019589,0.028639,-0.001651,0.008066,0.007961,-0.018384,0.003743,-0.014797,-0.000493,-0.010082,0.002994
Tajikistan_Ksirov_Kushan,0.098457,0.057885,-0.031301,0.023256,-0.051548,0.008087,0.001762,-0.003923,-0.035689,-0.024511,0.000162,0.001199,-0.000521,-0.010804,0.008754,0.011005,-0.001564,0.007348,0.009176,-0.008504,-0.007112,-0.001174,-0.000554,-0.001446,0.001318
Sudan_Kulubnarti_Christian_avg,-0.211975,0.109484,-0.029836,-0.078044,0.002566,-0.034260,-0.023825,0.009570,0.084832,-0.049749,-0.002443,-0.007228,0.008645,0.000378,0.012718,-0.010005,0.007155,-0.010351,0.002263,-0.000721,0.000042,-0.000452,0.001552,-0.002342,-0.001087
Copts_avg27,0.017729,0.142455,-0.049604,-0.104384,-0.000371,-0.043313,-0.014851,-0.002682,0.046742,-0.000362,0.007449,-0.012015,0.028901,0.002011,0.000624,0.001569,-0.003961,-0.001525,-0.003607,0.004888,0.001147,0.000706,0.000571,0.002179,-0.000501
Egyptian_Muslims_avg74,-0.020893,0.134029,-0.042424,-0.084544,-0.004164,-0.032185,-0.013353,-0.000132,0.036472,-0.000461,0.006568,-0.009880,0.021547,0.000424,0.000264,0.001747,-0.001368,-0.002936,-0.003867,0.003126,-0.000623,-0.000660,0.001811,0.002086,-0.000196
Hypothetical_Cleopatra_Fully_Ptolemaic,0.119552,0.147726,0.005737,-0.027360,0.014277,-0.010631,-0.004893,-0.006870,-0.000849,0.015594,0.004281,0.008946,-0.011474,0.005434,-0.005318,-0.012157,-0.004687,0.000850,0.006892,-0.003990,-0.007903,0.000613,-0.000911,-0.000276,-0.001517
Hypothetical_Cleopatra_Egyptian_great-grandmother,0.110868,0.147603,-0.000283,-0.038738,0.012243,-0.015525,-0.006235,-0.006603,0.005188,0.014419,0.004872,0.006395,-0.006323,0.004024,-0.004755,-0.010894,-0.005030,0.000498,0.005590,-0.001991,-0.006213,0.000745,-0.000343,0.000248,-0.001402
Hypothetical_Cleopatra_Egyptian_grandmother,0.102185,0.147480,-0.006303,-0.050115,0.010208,-0.020419,-0.007577,-0.006336,0.011225,0.013244,0.005464,0.003843,-0.001172,0.002613,-0.004192,-0.009632,-0.005373,0.000146,0.004289,0.000009,-0.004523,0.000877,0.000225,0.000772,-0.001287
Hypothetical_Cleopatra_Egyptian_mother,0.084817,0.147235,-0.018344,-0.072870,0.006138,-0.030207,-0.010260,-0.005801,0.023300,0.010895,0.006647,-0.001259,0.009129,-0.000207,-0.003066,-0.007106,-0.006059,-0.000557,0.001686,0.004008,-0.001144,0.001141,0.001362,0.001820,-0.001058
Hypothetical_Cleopatra_Egyptian_mother_and_grandmother,0.067450,0.146989,-0.030385,-0.095625,0.002069,-0.039994,-0.012944,-0.005266,0.035375,0.008545,0.007830,-0.006362,0.019431,-0.003028,-0.001940,-0.004581,-0.006745,-0.001260,-0.000917,0.008007,0.002236,0.001405,0.002499,0.002868,-0.000828
Hypothetical_Cleopatra_Nubian_grandmother,0.036670,0.138165,-0.003156,-0.040031,0.011349,-0.016538,-0.009626,-0.002760,0.020571,-0.000742,0.002600,0.004903,-0.006444,0.004170,-0.000809,-0.011619,-0.001726,-0.001951,0.005734,-0.003173,-0.005916,0.000346,-0.000295,-0.000793,-0.001409
Greek_Thessaly,0.119135,0.145221,0.013702,-0.020026,0.018875,-0.005113,0.000548,0.000769,0.000000,0.018770,0.002652,0.004096,-0.007284,0.005688,-0.009093,-0.004199,0.002130,-0.000549,0.004148,-0.005336,-0.006988,0.001278,0.003574,0.001406,-0.003353
Greek_North_Tsakonia,0.116985,0.144431,0.000545,-0.030362,0.015661,-0.011465,0.002272,0.000667,0.000727,0.014883,0.002634,0.002181,-0.002412,0.007799,-0.013723,-0.007351,0.001086,0.002478,0.006159,-0.005781,-0.004104,0.003847,0.000917,0.001125,0.001690
Italian_Marche,0.116043,0.148166,0.007957,-0.029425,0.020650,-0.010431,0.000376,-0.001892,0.005860,0.020155,-0.000114,0.003252,-0.007768,-0.002457,-0.004716,-0.002267,0.000456,0.000925,0.002671,-0.003070,-0.001117,0.002628,-0.000197,0.003567,-0.001688
Italian_Apulia,0.110712,0.148267,-0.003771,-0.040138,0.015839,-0.015116,-0.000956,-0.001615,0.002795,0.020690,-0.000227,0.003877,-0.006472,0.001193,-0.008107,-0.003898,0.001669,0.000600,0.002749,-0.005152,-0.003810,0.001962,0.001758,0.001438,-0.000567
Sicilian_East,0.103200,0.146574,-0.007291,-0.041129,0.017849,-0.015339,-0.001958,0.000077,0.007567,0.021322,0.007307,0.003897,-0.006145,0.003119,-0.005926,-0.006497,-0.002868,-0.001140,0.004483,-0.003877,-0.000042,0.002679,-0.001890,0.002289,0.000399
Italian_Calabria,0.103437,0.148140,-0.010324,-0.046997,0.012618,-0.015025,-0.002438,-0.001586,0.004448,0.021231,0.002213,0.002997,-0.004887,-0.001737,-0.006549,-0.002784,0.005802,0.000728,0.002938,-0.005362,-0.002605,-0.000325,0.000339,0.000015,-0.002425
Romaniote_Jew,0.092034,0.144060,-0.025806,-0.064554,0.005012,-0.023068,-0.005842,-0.004318,0.009145,0.018536,0.005614,0.001113,0.001996,-0.000197,-0.006825,-0.001572,0.000726,-0.002498,-0.000736,-0.000500,-0.000873,0.000389,0.000370,0.001084,0.001334
Algerian_Jew,0.074696,0.145728,-0.021213,-0.061007,0.011117,-0.026216,-0.005728,-0.002884,0.015927,0.020820,0.004993,-0.001649,0.007247,-0.004456,-0.005361,-0.000845,-0.002086,-0.001536,-0.005782,-0.002720,-0.003572,-0.001577,0.001048,0.000437,-0.001197
Libyan_Jew,0.065707,0.144482,-0.029861,-0.069534,0.004476,-0.026748,-0.007862,-0.004384,0.021159,0.020046,0.005329,-0.001948,0.007690,-0.003691,-0.001456,0.004858,0.002963,-0.002131,-0.005256,0.000466,-0.002394,-0.006756,0.004975,-0.000526,0.001742
Samaritan,0.085367,0.148674,-0.057398,-0.092508,-0.009602,-0.035029,-0.002209,-0.008169,0.016321,0.008237,0.009159,-0.009921,0.020485,0.011863,-0.005537,0.002121,-0.011239,0.001014,0.002112,-0.003652,-0.000524,0.003116,0.000567,-0.002940,0.004646
Palestinian,0.045529,0.134253,-0.047329,-0.078005,-0.012649,-0.029730,-0.006228,-0.001985,0.016751,-0.000310,0.008184,-0.009636,0.020307,-0.001321,-0.000950,0.009745,-0.002008,-0.001761,0.000088,0.002539,0.001135,0.005280,-0.000160,0.002398,0.001844

References

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