Ancient DNA from Pakistan
132 ancient people from Pakistan have had their genome published, from 1,266 BC to AD 1568. Here they are on a map and period by period, with their archaeological cultures and haplogroups.
Main archaeological groups: Pakistan IA (99), Pakistan Historic (11), Pakistan Historic H (8), Pakistan Medieval (3), Pakistan EarlyHistoric H (2).
Most frequent Y-DNA lines: L1a (14), E1b (8), R2 (8), R1a (7), J2a (5), H1a (4).
Most frequent mtDNA lines: M65a (6), W3a (6), M5a (5), U2b (5), H (4), M30 (4).
📊 How Pakistan's DNA changed over 10,000 years: hunter-gatherers, farmers, steppe herders and later arrivals, period by period.
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Period by period
3,000 to 1,000 BC (5 individuals)
| Date | Group | Site | Y-DNA | mtDNA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1,266 BC | Pakistan IA | Udegram | E1b1b1b2a1 | |
| 1,178 BC | Pakistan IA | Gogdara | M30+16234 | |
| 1,102 BC | Pakistan IA | Katelai | R2 | U7b |
| 1,075 BC | Pakistan IA-o | Udegram | E | U5a1+@16192 |
| 1,053 BC | Pakistan IA | Udegram | E1b1b1b2a1 | T2a1b |
1,000 BC to AD 1 (114 individuals)
| Date | Group | Site | Y-DNA | mtDNA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1,000 BC | Pakistan IA | Udegram | E1b1b1b2a1 | U8b1a2b |
| 1,000 BC | Pakistan IA | Udegram | E1b1b1b2a1 | |
| 1,000 BC | Pakistan IA | Udegram | ||
| 1,000 BC | Pakistan IA | Udegram | ||
| 1,000 BC | Pakistan IA | Udegram | ||
| 1,000 BC | Pakistan IA | Gogdara | H1a1a | R30a1b |
| 999 BC | Pakistan IA-o | Loebanr | T1a1 | |
| 989 BC | Pakistan IA | Udegram | E1b1b1b2a1 | M65a+@16311 |
| 978 BC | Pakistan IA | Loebanr | R1a1a1 | W3a1 |
| 975 BC | Pakistan IA | Udegram | CT | |
| 961 BC | Pakistan IA | Udegram | U4c1 | |
| 961 BC | Pakistan IA | Loebanr | K1a | |
| 958 BC | Pakistan IA | Udegram | U1a1a | |
| 954 BC | Pakistan IA | Udegram | W3a1b | |
| 953 BC | Pakistan IA | Loebanr | L1a | HV2a |
| 900 BC | Pakistan IA | Katelai | Z3a1a | |
| 900 BC | Pakistan IA | Katelai | R2 | J1d3a |
| 900 BC | Pakistan IA | Loebanr | L1a | U7a |
| 900 BC | Pakistan IA | Loebanr | L1a | R30b1 |
| 900 BC | Pakistan IA | Barikot | H1a1 | H |
| 900 BC | Pakistan IA | Arkotkila | U2e1h | |
| 900 BC | Pakistan IA | Loebanr | R2 | W3a1b |
| 900 BC | Pakistan IA | Loebanr | R2 | W3a1b |
| 900 BC | Pakistan IA | Katelai | L1a | U2c1 |
| 900 BC | Pakistan IA | Loebanr | Q1a2a2b~ | M30g |
| 900 BC | Pakistan IA | Loebanr | M4a | |
| 900 BC | Pakistan IA | Loebanr | I1c | |
| 900 BC | Pakistan IA | Katelai | K | |
| 900 BC | Pakistan IA | Katelai | HV14a | |
| 900 BC | Pakistan IA | Katelai | U2b2 | |
| 900 BC | Pakistan IA | Katelai | H1a1a4b | H13a2a |
| 900 BC | Pakistan IA | Katelai | U2 | |
| 900 BC | Pakistan IA | Katelai | HV18 | |
| 900 BC | Pakistan IA | Katelai | I2a1b1a2a2a | M30c1 |
| 900 BC | Pakistan IA | Katelai | M | |
| 900 BC | Pakistan IA | Katelai | L1a | U7a |
| 900 BC | Pakistan IA | Katelai | U2b2 | |
| 900 BC | Pakistan IA | Katelai | H1a1a | R30b1 |
| 900 BC | Pakistan IA | Katelai | U2a2 | |
| 900 BC | Pakistan IA | Butkara II | R | U1a1c1d |
AD 1 to 1000 (6 individuals)
| Date | Group | Site | Y-DNA | mtDNA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AD 1 | Pakistan Historic H | Aligrama | W6 | |
| AD 6 | Pakistan Historic H | Barikot | R30b1 | |
| AD 24 | Pakistan Historic H | Butkara IV | J1 | U2a |
| AD 500 | Pakistan LBA | Parwak | ||
| AD 500 | Pakistan LBA | Parwak | J2b2a2b~ | J1b1 |
| AD 829 | Pakistan Medieval | Parwak | J2 | J1b1a1+146 |
After AD 1000 (7 individuals)
| Date | Group | Site | Y-DNA | mtDNA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AD 1097 | Pakistan Historic H | Barikot | M3a2 | |
| AD 1125 | Pakistan Medieval Ghaznavid | Udegram | R1a1a1 | D4c2b |
| AD 1128 | Pakistan Medieval Ghaznavid | Udegram | R1a1a1 | M5a1 |
| AD 1222 | Pakistan Medieval | Raja Gira | J2a1a4b | H13a2a |
| AD 1331 | Pakistan Medieval-2 | Barikot | J1 | M49 |
| AD 1345 | Pakistan Historic H | Barikot | R1a1a1 | H2b |
| AD 1568 | Pakistan Medieval | Singoor | R1a1a1 | M3a1+204 |
Excavation sites
- Loebanr 38, 999 BC to 808 BC
- Katelai 33, 1,102 BC to 859 BC
- Udegram 18, 1,266 BC to AD 1128
- Saidu Sharif 12, 366 BC to 275 BC
- Barikot 8, 900 BC to AD 1345
- Aligrama 6, 891 BC to AD 1
- Butkara II 5, 900 BC to 801 BC
- Butkara IV 4, 101 BC to AD 24
- Parwak 3, AD 500 to AD 829
- Gogdara 2, 1,178 BC to 1,000 BC
- Arkotkila 1, 900 BC
- Raja Gira 1, AD 1222
- Singoor 1, AD 1568
Source: Allen Ancient DNA Resource v66 (Mallick et al. 2024), individuals with a date and coordinates; samples the AADR flags as misdated are left out. Group names are those of the original studies. Haplogroups are shown when they could be read from the ancient DNA.