Ancient DNA from Nepal
46 ancient people from Nepal have had their genome published, from 1,425 BC to AD 675. Here they are on a map and period by period, with their archaeological cultures and haplogroups.
Main archaeological groups: Nepal LIA EMiddleKingdoms (11), Nepal Mustang SamdzongTomb MiddleKingdom (9), Nepal IA (7), Nepal LIA (7), Nepal 1500BP (4).
Most frequent Y-DNA lines: O2a (20), D1a (1), O (1).
Most frequent mtDNA lines: M9a (17), F1c (9), F1d (2), F1g (2), A17 (1), A6b (1).
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Period by period
3,000 to 1,000 BC (5 individuals)
| Date | Group | Site | Y-DNA | mtDNA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1,425 BC | Nepal LateC | Suila | M9a1a1c1b1a | |
| 1,425 BC | Nepal LateC | Suila | M9a1a1c1 | |
| 1,413 BC | Nepal Suila | Suila | ||
| 1,200 BC | Nepal EIA | Lubrak | F1d | |
| 1,200 BC | Nepal EIA | Lubrak | M9a1a1c1b1a |
1,000 BC to AD 1 (28 individuals)
| Date | Group | Site | Y-DNA | mtDNA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 825 BC | Nepal 2800BP | Chokhopani Tomb | O2a2b1a1a1a4a1 | D4j1b |
| 775 BC | Nepal IA | Chokhopani Tomb | ||
| 775 BC | Nepal IA | Chokhopani Tomb | O2a | |
| 700 BC | Nepal IA | Chokhopani Tomb | O2a2b1a1a1a4a | A17 |
| 700 BC | Nepal IA | Rhirhi | F1g | |
| 700 BC | Nepal IA | Rhirhi | F1c1a1a | |
| 700 BC | Nepal IA | Rhirhi | O2a2b1 | F1c1a1a |
| 700 BC | Nepal IA | Rhirhi | M13a2 | |
| 401 BC | Nepal LIA | Kyang | O2a2b1a1a1a4a1 | F1c1a1a |
| 401 BC | Nepal LIA | Kyang | O2a2b1a1a1a4a1 | M9a1b1 |
| 401 BC | Nepal LIA | Kyang | A6b | |
| 401 BC | Nepal LIA | Kyang | M62a | |
| 401 BC | Nepal LIA | Kyang | U2b1 | |
| 401 BC | Nepal LIA | Kyang | O2a2b1a1a1a4a1 | F1c1a1a |
| 400 BC | Nepal LIA | Kyang | O2a2b1a1a1a4a1 | M9a1a1c1b1a |
| 325 BC | Nepal LIA EMiddleKingdoms | Mebrak Tomb | M9a1a1c1b1a | |
| 325 BC | Nepal LIA EMiddleKingdoms | Mebrak Tomb | M9a1b1 | |
| 325 BC | Nepal LIA EMiddleKingdoms | Mebrak Tomb | F1c1a1a | |
| 325 BC | Nepal LIA EMiddleKingdoms | Mebrak Tomb | M9a1a1c1b1a | |
| 325 BC | Nepal LIA EMiddleKingdoms | Mebrak Tomb | F1c1a1a | |
| 325 BC | Nepal LIA EMiddleKingdoms | Mebrak Tomb | M9a1a1c1b1a | |
| 325 BC | Nepal LIA EMiddleKingdoms | Mebrak Tomb | F1c1a1a | |
| 325 BC | Nepal LIA EMiddleKingdoms | Mebrak Tomb | O2a2b1a1a1a4a1 | M9a1a1c1b1a |
| 325 BC | Nepal LIA EMiddleKingdoms | Mebrak Tomb | O2a2b1a1a1a4a1 | |
| 175 BC | Nepal LIA EMiddleKingdoms | Mebrak Tomb | O2a2b1a1a1a4a1 | M9a1a1c1b1a |
| 175 BC | Nepal LIA EMiddleKingdoms | Mebrak Tomb | O2a2b1a1a1a4a1 | M9a1a1c1b1a |
| 175 BC | Nepal 2125BP-o | Mebrak Tomb | O2a2b1 | M9a1a2 |
| 175 BC | Nepal 2125BP | Mebrak Tomb | O2a2b1 | Z3a1a |
AD 1 to 1000 (13 individuals)
| Date | Group | Site | Y-DNA | mtDNA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AD 450 | Nepal 1500BP | Samdzong Tomb | O2a2b1a1a1a4a1 | M9a1a |
| AD 450 | Nepal 1500BP | Samdzong Tomb | D1a1a1 | F1d |
| AD 450 | Nepal 1500BP | Samdzong Tomb | F1c1a1a | |
| AD 675 | Nepal 1500BP | Samdzong Tomb | O2a2b1a1a1a4a1 | M9a1a1c1b1a |
| AD 675 | Nepal Mustang SamdzongTomb MiddleKingdom | Samdzong Tomb | O2a2b1a1a1a4a1 | M9a1a1c1b1a |
| AD 675 | Nepal Mustang SamdzongTomb MiddleKingdom | Samdzong Tomb | M9a1a1c1b | |
| AD 675 | Nepal Mustang SamdzongTomb MiddleKingdom | Samdzong Tomb | O | |
| AD 675 | Nepal Mustang SamdzongTomb MiddleKingdom | Samdzong Tomb | F1c1a1 | |
| AD 675 | Nepal Mustang SamdzongTomb MiddleKingdom | Samdzong Tomb | F1g | |
| AD 675 | Nepal Mustang SamdzongTomb MiddleKingdom | Samdzong Tomb | ||
| AD 675 | Nepal Mustang SamdzongTomb MiddleKingdom | Samdzong Tomb | O2a2b1a1a1a4a | |
| AD 675 | Nepal Mustang SamdzongTomb MiddleKingdom | Samdzong Tomb | O2a2b1a1a1a4a1 | D4i |
| AD 675 | Nepal Mustang SamdzongTomb MiddleKingdom | Samdzong Tomb | O2a2b1a1a1a4a1 |
Excavation sites
- Mebrak Tomb 13, 325 BC to 175 BC
- Samdzong Tomb 13, AD 450 to AD 675
- Kyang 7, 401 BC to 400 BC
- Chokhopani Tomb 4, 825 BC to 700 BC
- Rhirhi 4, 700 BC
- Suila 3, 1,425 BC to 1,413 BC
- Lubrak 2, 1,200 BC
Source: Allen Ancient DNA Resource v66 (Mallick et al. 2024), individuals with a date and coordinates; samples the AADR flags as misdated are left out. Group names are those of the original studies. Haplogroups are shown when they could be read from the ancient DNA.