Ancient DNA from Mongolia
287 ancient people from Mongolia have had their genome published, from 32,923 BC to AD 1410. Here they are on a map and period by period, with their archaeological cultures and haplogroups.
287ancient individuals
134excavation sites
9published studies
32,923 BColdest individual
Main archaeological groups: Mongolia Khovsgol LBA-6 (20), Mongolia EIA Sagly-4 (16), Mongolia EIA SlabGrave-1 (14), Mongolia Sukhbaatar LateMedieval (10), Mongolia Arkhangai EarlyMedieval (9).
Most frequent Y-DNA lines: Q1b (31), C2a (30), R1a (24), R1b (16), Q1a (15), N1a (11).
Most frequent mtDNA lines: C4a (24), F1b (17), D4j (15), D4b (14), G2a (13), U2e (7).
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Period by period
Before 10,000 BC (2 individuals)
| Date | Group | Site | Y-DNA | mtDNA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 32,923 BC | Mongolia Salkhit UP | Salkhit | ||
| 32,923 BC | Mongolia Salkhit UP | Salkhit |
10,000 to 5,000 BC (8 individuals)
| Date | Group | Site | Y-DNA | mtDNA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5,578 BC | Mongolia N | Marzyn-Khutul | C2a1a1 | D4j |
| 5,570 BC | Mongolia N | Marzyn-Khutul | C2a1a1 | D4b1c |
| 5,565 BC | Mongolia N | Kharuulyn-Gozgor | C4a1a3 | |
| 5,554 BC | Mongolia N | Marzyn-Khutul | C2a1a1 | F1b1+@152 |
| 5,550 BC | Mongolia N | Marzyn-Khutul | C2a1a1 | D4j8 |
| 5,530 BC | Mongolia N | Kharuulyn-Gozgor | D4j | |
| 5,225 BC | Mongolia East N | Kherlen-River | ||
| 5,100 BC | Mongolia East N | Norovlin-Uul | C2a1a1 | D4h4 |
5,000 to 3,000 BC (4 individuals)
| Date | Group | Site | Y-DNA | mtDNA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3,703 BC | Mongolia Arkhangai PreBronze | Erdenemandal | A12 | |
| 3,125 BC | Mongolia C Afanasievo1-1 | Shatar-Chuluu | R1b1a | R |
| 3,125 BC | Mongolia Bayankhongor EBA | Shatar-Chuluu | R1b1a1b1a | N1a1a1a1 |
| 3,046 BC | Mongolia C Afanasievo2-1 | Shatar-Chuluu | J1 | U5a1+@16192 |
3,000 to 1,000 BC (61 individuals)
| Date | Group | Site | Y-DNA | mtDNA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2,912 BC | Mongolia EBA Ulgii-1-Dup | Kumdii-govi | A+152+16362 | |
| 2,872 BC | Mongolia EBA Ulgii-1 | Kulala-Ula | C2a1a | D4b1 |
| 2,675 BC | Mongolia C Afanasievo2-2 | Kurgak-govi | C2a1a | G2a+152 |
| 2,522 BC | Mongolia EBA Chemurchek-2 | Yagshiin-Khuduu | R1b1a1b1 | C4+152 |
| 2,516 BC | Mongolia Khovd EBA-o | Yagshiin-Khuduu | R1b1a1b1 | T2b2 |
| 2,512 BC | Mongolia EBA Chemurchek-2 | Yagshiin-Khuduu | R1b1a1b1b | |
| 2,084 BC | Mongolia EBA Ulgii-1 | Kurgak-govi | ||
| 1,874 BC | Mongolia Munkhkhairkhan MBA-1 | Khukh-Khoshuunii-Boom | N | D4i |
| 1,772 BC | Mongolia Munkhkhairkhan MBA-2 | Ulaan-goviin-uzuur | N | H15b1 |
| 1,682 BC | Mongolia Munkhkhairkhan MBA-1 | Kharuulyn-Gozgor | Q1b1a3a~ | HV12b1 |
| 1,533 BC | Mongolia Munkhkhairkhan MBA-3 | Ulaan-goviin-uzuur | G2a1 | |
| 1,479 BC | Mongolia Sukhbaatar MLBA | Ulaanzuukh | D4 | |
| 1,460 BC | Mongolia MongunTaiga LBA-1 | Khukh-tolgoi | Q1b1a3a~ | U5a2 |
| 1,439 BC | Mongolia Khovsgol LBA-6 | Arbulag-2007-24 | Q1b1a3a~ | A+152+16362+16189 |
| 1,400 BC | Mongolia Ulaanzuukh LBA Ulaanzuukh-2 | Ulaanzuukh | C4a1a+195 | |
| 1,397 BC | Mongolia LBA Ulaanzuukh-2 | Adgiin gol | Q1a1a1 | D4i |
| 1,389 BC | Mongolia MongunTaiga LBA-1 | Ulaan-tolgoi | ||
| 1,382 BC | Mongolia EIA SlabGrave-1 | Shunkhlai-Mountain | Q1a1a1 | C4a1a+195 |
| 1,382 BC | Mongolia MongunTaiga LBA-3 | Kulala-Ula | N1a2 | U2e2a1a2 |
| 1,367 BC | Mongolia Sukhbaatar MLBA | Ulaanzuukh | D5a2a1b | |
| 1,364 BC | Mongolia Khovd MLBA | Shar-gov'-3 | Q1b1a3 | G2b2 |
| 1,356 BC | Mongolia LBA Ulaanzuukh-2 | Bulgiin ekh | Q1a1a | |
| 1,350 BC | Mongolia MLBA | Khukh-Khoshuunii-Boom | Q1b1a3 | C4a1a |
| 1,350 BC | Mongolia Sukhbaataraimag MLBA | Bulgiin ekh | Q1a1a | M10a1b |
| 1,347 BC | Mongolia MLBA | Biluutiin-Am | F1b1b | |
| 1,345 BC | Mongolia CenterWest LBA-4 | Savaa-Khar | K2a5b | |
| 1,339 BC | Mongolia Sukhbaatar MLBA | Ulaanzuukh | C4a1a | |
| 1,329 BC | Mongolia Khovsgol LBA-6 | Arbulag-2007-18 | C | |
| 1,325 BC | Mongolia CenterWest LBA-4 | Khirigsuur | A8a1 | |
| 1,320 BC | Mongolia CenterWest LBA-4 | Khirigsuur | A8a1 | |
| 1,313 BC | Mongolia Khovsgol LBA-6 | Arbulag-2009-58 | Q1b1 | D4b1a2a |
| 1,306 BC | Mongolia Khovsgol LBA-6 | Arbulag-2007-25 | G2a | |
| 1,305 BC | Mongolia Khovsgol LBA-6 | Arbulag-2007-23 | Q1a1a1 | G3a |
| 1,297 BC | Mongolia Khovsgol LBA-6 | Arbulag-2006-3 | N | U5a2d1 |
| 1,289 BC | Mongolia Sukhbaatar MLBA | Ulaanzuukh | Q1a1a1 | D5a2a1b |
| 1,284 BC | Mongolia Khovsgol LBA-6 | Arbulag-2007-22 | C4a2c1 | |
| 1,279 BC | Mongolia Khovsgol LBA-6 | Arbulag-2007-17 | C4a2a1 | |
| 1,276 BC | Mongolia BA-1 | Marzyn-Khutul | Q1b1a3a~ | D4j |
| 1,258 BC | Mongolia CenterWest LBA-4 | Erdentsogt-sum | Q1b1a3a~ | C5b1b |
| 1,248 BC | Mongolia CenterWest LBA-4 | Khar-Sair-am | Q1b1a3a~ | R1b1 |
1,000 BC to AD 1 (90 individuals)
| Date | Group | Site | Y-DNA | mtDNA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 999 BC | Mongolia EIA SlabGrave-1 | Shunkhlai-Mountain | Q1a1a | F1b1b |
| 980 BC | Mongolia Khovd MLBA-o | Tarvagatain-Am | N1a2a | R11 |
| 977 BC | Mongolia EIA-2 | Uliastai-Dood-Denj | M9a1a1c1 | |
| 973 BC | Mongolia EIA SlabGrave-1 | Shuusyn-boom | R | |
| 971 BC | Mongolia CenterWest LBA-5 | Khudzhirtyn-gol-1 | D4b1 | |
| 952 BC | Mongolia EIA SlabGrave-1 | Shunkhlai-Mountain | Q1a1a | G2b2 |
| 950 BC | Mongolia Khovsgol LBA-6 | Arbulag-2007-12 | D5a2a | |
| 935 BC | Mongolia CenterWest LBA-4 | Urgun-shireg | C4b1 | |
| 930 BC | Mongolia Khovsgol LBA-6 | Arbulag-2006-1 | Q1b1a3a~ | D4 |
| 908 BC | Mongolia Khentii EIA SlabGrave | Bor-Bulag | ||
| 899 BC | Mongolia EIA SlabGrave-1 | Tugsiin-uvdug | C4a2a1 | |
| 899 BC | Mongolia EIA SlabGrave-1 | Khadan-khuv | D4j7 | |
| 884 BC | Mongolia Ulaanzuukh EIA-8 | Ulaanzuukh | C4a1 | |
| 879 BC | Mongolia EIA SlabGrave-1 | Rashaant-tolgoi | C5b1b | |
| 847 BC | Mongolia Arkhangai LBA EIA-o | Shiveet-Tolgoi | F1b1f | |
| 831 BC | Mongolia EIA SlabGrave-1 | Baaran-Khavtsal | Q1a1a | D4m2 |
| 794 BC | Mongolia EIA SlabGrave-1 | Uushigiin-Uver | N1a1a1a1a4a~ | D4o1 |
| 750 BC | Mongolia EIA SlabGrave-1 | Tariat-Brigad | D4b2 | |
| 750 BC | Mongolia EIA SlabGrave-1 | Erhel nuur | Q1b1a3a~ | C5c |
| 680 BC | Mongolia EIA SlabGrave-1 | Khanan-Uul | L3 | |
| 604 BC | Mongolia EIA SlabGrave-1 | Bus-khairkhan | B5b | |
| 575 BC | Mongolia Ulaanbaatar EIA | Dartsagt | A11 | |
| 553 BC | Mongolia Ulaanbaatar EIA | Dartsagt | K2 | F1b1f |
| 418 BC | Mongolia EIA-3 | Ulaan-Uul-sum | Q1b1b~ | W |
| 376 BC | Mongolia EIA Sagly-4 | Ulaangom | ||
| 336 BC | Mongolia Ulaangom EIA Sagly-4 | Ulaangom | Q1b1a3a1a~ | A8a |
| 328 BC | Mongolia EIA Sagly-4 | Ulaangom | R1a1a1b2a2a3b~ | T1a1 |
| 325 BC | Mongolia Uvs EIA XiongnuPeriod | Ulaangom | Q1b1a3a1~ | U2e1h |
| 320 BC | Mongolia EIA-5 | Biluut-2 | G2a1 | |
| 300 BC | Mongolia EIA Sagly-4 | Ulaangom | Q1b1a3 | C4a1a3 |
| 294 BC | Mongolia EIA Sagly-4 | Ulaangom | Q1a2a | C4a1a+195 |
| 294 BC | Mongolia EIA Sagly-4 | Ulaangom | R1a1a1 | R1b1 |
| 294 BC | Mongolia EIA Sagly-4 | Ulaangom | R1a1a1b2a2a3~ | D4b1a2a1 |
| 289 BC | Mongolia EIA Sagly-4 | Ulaangom | Q1b1a3a1a~ | U4b1a1a1 |
| 282 BC | Mongolia EIA Sagly-4 | Ulaangom | H2a2a | |
| 276 BC | Mongolia EIA Sagly-4 | Ulaangom | H | |
| 275 BC | Mongolia EIA Sagly-4 | Ulaangom | R1a1a1 | T2b34 |
| 275 BC | Mongolia Uvs EIA Sagly-4 | Ulaangom | Q1b1a3a1a~ | U4a1 |
| 275 BC | Mongolia Uvs EIA Sagly-4 | Ulaangom | Q1b1a3a1a~ | U4a1 |
| 275 BC | Mongolia EIA Sagly-4 | Ulaangom | R1a1a1b2a2a3~ | F1b1+@152 |
AD 1 to 1000 (57 individuals)
After AD 1000 (65 individuals)
| Date | Group | Site | Y-DNA | mtDNA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AD 1083 | Mongolia Bulgan EarlyMedieval LateMedieval | Zaan-Khoshuu | F2a | |
| AD 1100 | Mongolia Bulgan EarlyMedieval LateMedieval | Zaan-Khoshuu | J2a2a1a1a~ | D4c1b1 |
| AD 1104 | Mongolia Bulgan LateMedieval | Ulaan-Kherem-2 | J2a2a1a1a~ | Y1a |
| AD 1204 | Mongolia Khovd LateMedieval | Tarvagatain-Am | J2a2a1a1a~ | D4 |
| AD 1224 | Mongolia Ovorkhangai LateMedieval | Shunkhlai-Mountain | R1a1a1b2a2a3b~ | D4b2b |
| AD 1231 | Mongolia Sukhbaatar LateMedieval | Ulaanzuukh | O2a2b1a1a1a1a1a1 | A2a3 |
| AD 1246 | Mongolia Khentii LateMedieval | Duulga-Uul | R1a1a1 | F2a |
| AD 1250 | Mongolia Tov LateMedieval | Argali-Mountain | R1a1a1 | G2a1 |
| AD 1250 | Mongolia Tov LateMedieval | Argali-Mountain | M10a2 | |
| AD 1250 | Mongolia Tov LateMedieval | Argali-Mountain | C2a1a1b1a2a | C4a2a1 |
| AD 1250 | Mongolia Tov LateMedieval | Bunkhantyn-Gatsaa | C2a1a1b1 | D4e5b |
| AD 1250 | Mongolia Omnogovi LateMedieval | Banzart-Khairkhan | G3a3 | |
| AD 1250 | Mongolia Selenge LateMedieval | Burgaldain-Khundii | M7b1a1a2 | |
| AD 1250 | Mongolia Selenge LateMedieval | Burgaldain-Khundii | G2a5 | |
| AD 1250 | Mongolia Selenge LateMedieval | Burgaldain-Khundii | N1a2a | D4c2a |
| AD 1250 | Mongolia Selenge LateMedieval | Burgaldain-Khundii | N1a2 | G1a |
| AD 1250 | Mongolia Khentii LateMedieval | Chandgan-Talyn-Uurkhai | F1g | |
| AD 1250 | Mongolia Sukhbaatar LateMedieval | Lamt-Mountain | C2a1a3a | N1a1a1a1a |
| AD 1250 | Mongolia Omnogovi LateMedieval | Erdene-Mountain | B4f | |
| AD 1250 | Mongolia Omnogovi LateMedieval | Ganzagad | A11a | |
| AD 1250 | Mongolia Sukhbaatar LateMedieval | Gangyn-Tsagaan-Ovoo | M7b1b | |
| AD 1250 | Mongolia Omnogovi LateMedieval | Gun-Tharmagtai | F1a1 | |
| AD 1250 | Mongolia Omnogovi LateMedieval | Ikh-Uvgun | F1b1b | |
| AD 1250 | Mongolia Arkhangai LateMedieval | Khirgist-khooloi | D4b1a2a1 | |
| AD 1250 | Mongolia Khovd LateMedieval | Bodonch-Gol | F1b1b | |
| AD 1250 | Mongolia Sukhbaatar LateMedieval | Khanan-bor | C2a1a1b1a2a | D4j5a |
| AD 1250 | Mongolia Khovsgol LateMedieval | Khavtsal-2 | N1a1a1a1a | C5a1 |
| AD 1250 | Mongolia Sukhbaatar LateMedieval | Khanan-bor | O2a1b1a1a1a1e1a1a | Z3c |
| AD 1250 | Mongolia Arkhangai LateMedieval | Khanui | F1b1f | |
| AD 1250 | Mongolia Selenge LateMedieval | Karnikovyn-Am | C2a1a2 | Z3c |
| AD 1250 | Mongolia Selenge LateMedieval | Karnikovyn-Am | A18 | |
| AD 1250 | Mongolia Khovsgol LateMedieval | Mori-Baridag | C2a1a3a | D4m |
| AD 1250 | Mongolia Ovorkhangai LateMedieval | Baga-Artsatyn-Am-NW | A | |
| AD 1250 | Mongolia Khentii LateMedieval | Rahsaan-Khad | F1b1e | |
| AD 1250 | Mongolia Omnogovi LateMedieval | Shar-Tolgoi | C2a1a3 | D4a1 |
| AD 1250 | Mongolia Sukhbaatar LateMedieval | Sharga-Uul | C2a1a1b1a2 | M9a1a |
| AD 1250 | Mongolia Sukhbaatar LateMedieval | Sharga-Uul | N1a1a1a1a4 | D4o1 |
| AD 1250 | Mongolia Sukhbaatar LateMedieval | Sharga-Uul | C2a1a3a | G2a2a |
| AD 1250 | Mongolia Sukhbaatar LateMedieval | Shar-Khad | O2a2b1a1a1b1a1a | R11a |
| AD 1250 | Mongolia Khovd LateMedieval | Takhiltyn-Khotgor-2 | D1a1b1a | B4b1b |
Excavation sites
- Ulaangom 27, 1,116 BC to AD 1376
- Olon-Dov 11, AD 850 to AD 875
- Salkhityn-Am 11, 226 BC to 98 BC
- Ulaanzuukh 11, 1,479 BC to AD 1231
- Burkhan-Tolgoi 10, 43 BC to AD 327
- Uguumur-Uul 9, AD 11 to AD 725
- Tsagaan-Chuluut 8, AD 1250
- Zaan-Khoshuu 6, AD 626 to AD 1100
- Gurvan Dov 5, AD 135 to AD 932
- Marzyn-Khutul 5, 5,578 BC to 1,276 BC
- Tavan-Tolgoi 5, AD 650
- Burgaldain-Khundii 4, AD 1250
- Omnogobi 4, 150 BC to 96 BC
- Shunkhlai-Mountain 4, 1,382 BC to AD 1224
- Tarvagatain-Am 4, 980 BC to AD 1204
- Tavan Khailaast 4, AD 1337 to AD 1386
- Argali-Mountain 3, AD 1250
- Buural-Uul 3, AD 1349 to AD 1350
- Khanan-bor 3, AD 1250
- Khanan-Uul 3, 1,051 BC to 50 BC
- Kharuulyn-Gozgor 3, 5,565 BC to 1,682 BC
- Sharga-Uul 3, AD 1250
- Shatar-Chuluu 3, 3,125 BC to 3,046 BC
- Unknown, IKh-Uul 3, 198 BC to 160 BC
- Uushigiin-Uver 3, 794 BC to AD 1350
- Yagshiin-Khuduu 3, 2,522 BC to 2,512 BC
- Biluut-2 2, 1,166 BC to 320 BC
- Bulgiin ekh 2, 1,356 BC to 1,350 BC
- Dartsagt 2, 575 BC to 553 BC
- Duulga-Uul 2, AD 9 to AD 1246
- Erdentsogt-sum 2, 1,258 BC to 1,051 BC
- Jargalantyn-Khondii 2, 132 BC to 101 BC
- Karnikovyn-Am 2, AD 1250
- Khavtsal-2 2, 1,160 BC to AD 1250
- Khirigsuur 2, 1,325 BC to 1,320 BC
- Khukh-Khoshuunii-Boom 2, 1,874 BC to 1,350 BC
- Kulala-Ula 2, 2,872 BC to 1,382 BC
- Kurgak-govi 2, 2,675 BC to 2,084 BC
- Naimaa-Tolgoi 2, 50 BC
- Salkhit 2, 32,923 BC
- Shiveet-Tolgoi 2, 847 BC to AD 719
- Tevsh Mountain 2, AD 0
- Ugoomor 2, AD 1250
- Ulaan-goviin-uzuur 2, 1,772 BC to 1,533 BC
- Uliastai-Dood-Denj 2, 977 BC to AD 467
- Uliastai-River 2, 1,096 BC to AD 702
- Zambaga-Khairkhan 2, AD 1250
- Adgiin gol 1, 1,397 BC
- Arbulag-2006-1 1, 930 BC
- Arbulag-2006-2 1, 1,105 BC
- Arbulag-2006-3 1, 1,297 BC
- Arbulag-2006-6 1, 1,033 BC
- Arbulag-2006-7 1, 1,088 BC
- Arbulag-2007-10 1, 1,223 BC
- Arbulag-2007-12 1, 950 BC
- Arbulag-2007-16 1, 1,131 BC
- Arbulag-2007-17 1, 1,279 BC
- Arbulag-2007-18 1, 1,329 BC
- Arbulag-2007-22 1, 1,284 BC
- Arbulag-2007-23 1, 1,305 BC
- Arbulag-2007-24 1, 1,439 BC
- Arbulag-2007-25 1, 1,306 BC
- Arbulag-2007-27 1, 1,001 BC
- Arbulag-2007-8 1, 1,053 BC
- Arbulag-2007-9 1, 1,222 BC
- Arbulag-2009-52 1, 1,007 BC
- Arbulag-2009-55 1, 1,221 BC
- Arbulag-2009-58 1, 1,313 BC
- Atsyn-Am 1, AD 72
- Atsyn-Gol 1, 106 BC
- Baaran-Khavtsal 1, 831 BC
- Baga-Artsatyn-Am-NW 1, AD 1250
- Banzart-Khairkhan 1, AD 1250
- Baruun-Khovdiin-Am 1, 50 BC
- Baruun-Mukhdagiin-Am 1, 50 BC
- Berkh-Mountain 1, 1,218 BC
- Biluutiin-Am 1, 1,347 BC
- Bodonch-Gol 1, AD 1250
- Bor-Bulag 1, 908 BC
- Bulgan-Burkhan-Tolgoi 1, 50 BC
- Bunkhantyn-Gatsaa 1, AD 1250
- Bus-khairkhan 1, 604 BC
- Chandgan-Talyn-Uurkhai 1, AD 1250
- Delgerkhaan-Uul 1, 28 BC
- Emeel-Tolgoi 1, 50 BC
- Erdene-Mountain 1, AD 1250
- Erdenemandal 1, 3,703 BC
- Erhel nuur 1, 750 BC
- Gangyn-Tsagaan-Ovoo 1, AD 1250
- Ganzagad 1, AD 1250
- Gun-Tharmagtai 1, AD 1250
- Ikh-Uvgun 1, AD 1250
- Khadan-khuv 1, 899 BC
- Khanui 1, AD 1250
- Khar-Sair-am 1, 1,248 BC
- Kherlen-River 1, 5,225 BC
- Khirgist-khooloi 1, AD 1250
- Khoit-Tsenkheriin-gol 1, 1,116 BC
- Khudgiin-Am 1, 50 BC
- Khudzhirtyn-gol-1 1, 971 BC
- Khudzhirtyn-gol-2 1, 1,145 BC
- Khukh-tolgoi 1, 1,460 BC
- Kumdii-govi 1, 2,912 BC
- Lamt-Mountain 1, AD 1250
- Melkhii-Chuluu 1, AD 1410
- Mori-Baridag 1, AD 1250
- Morin-Tolgoi 1, 1,060 BC
- Muunit-uul 1, 1,124 BC
- Nomgonii-Khundii 1, AD 700
- Norovlin-Uul 1, 5,100 BC
- Ovgont 1, 50 BC
- Rahsaan-Khad 1, AD 1250
- Rashaant-tolgoi 1, 879 BC
- Sant-Uul 1, AD 60
- Savaa-Khar 1, 1,345 BC
- Shar-gov'-3 1, 1,364 BC
- Shar-Khad 1, AD 1250
- Shar-Tolgoi 1, AD 1250
- Shoroon-Bumbagar 1, AD 700
- Shuusyn-boom 1, 973 BC
Source: Allen Ancient DNA Resource v66 (Mallick et al. 2024), individuals with a date and coordinates; samples the AADR flags as misdated are left out. Group names are those of the original studies. Haplogroups are shown when they could be read from the ancient DNA.
Which of these ancient peoples are in your DNA?
Our Fenghuang (Sinosphere) report compares your own raw DNA file with the ancient and modern populations of the region, era by era, and explains your result in plain language with your haplogroups.