Ancient DNA from Kazakhstan

Main archaeological groups: Kazakhstan MLBA (33), Kazakhstan EIA Tasmola (20), Kazakhstan IA (14), Kazakhstan KumsayKyrykOba EBA Yamnaya (12), Kazakhstan Berel Hunnic (11).
Most frequent Y-DNA lines: R1a (72), Q1b (15), R1b (10), J2a (8), C2a (6), N (5).
Most frequent mtDNA lines: U2e (15), U5a (15), T1a (13), U5b (13), C4a (11), A (9).

📊 How Kazakhstan's DNA changed over 10,000 years: hunter-gatherers, farmers, steppe herders and later arrivals, period by period.

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Period by period

Excavation sites

• Berel 28, 350 BC to AD 335
• Kumsay 13, 3,214 BC to 2,950 BC
• Kairan-1 10, 1,846 BC to 1,550 BC
• Konyrtobe 9, AD 250 to AD 1750
• Maitan 9, 1,811 BC to 1,681 BC
• Zevakinskiy-stone-fence 9, 2,018 BC to 750 BC
• Oy-Dzhaylau 7, 1,745 BC to 1,475 BC
• Aktogai 6, 1,625 BC to 1,553 BC
• Butakty 6, AD 600 to AD 1067
• Aigirly 5, 400 BC to AD 160
• Birlik 5, 754 BC to 276 BC
• Botai 5, 3,446 BC to 3,193 BC
• Kuygenzhar 5, AD 1706 to AD 1798
• Taldy-2 5, 668 BC to 600 BC
• Bisoba 4, 642 BC to 350 BC
• Dali-1 4, 2,627 BC to 1,393 BC
• Karashoky-1 4, 653 BC to 600 BC
• Kazakh-Mys 4, 1,659 BC to 1,506 BC
• Turgen-2 4, 361 BC to 119 BC
• Bidayk 3, 305 BC to 173 BC
• Eleke-Sazy-2 3, 662 BC to 633 BC
• Karagash 2 3, 1,793 BC to 1,612 BC
• Kaspan-6 3, 789 BC to 400 BC
• Kaynbulak-2 3, 350 BC
• Kok-Mardan 3, AD 250 to AD 362
• Kyzyl 3, 1,368 BC to 625 BC
• Kyzyl Bulak 1 3, 1,672 BC to 1,558 BC
• Mereke-Taskala 3, 3,071 BC to 2,096 BC
• Shoendykol 3, 1,547 BC to 1,150 BC
• Tasbas-Byan-Zherek 3, 1,150 BC to 866 BC
• Chanchar 2, 1,664 BC to 604 BC
• Georgievsky-Bugor 2, 1,734 BC to AD 227
• Halvay 2, AD 442
• Karakaba 2, AD 700 to AD 841
• Karashoky-6 2, 607 BC
• Karasuyr 2, AD 1400
• Kaspan-2 2, 634 BC to 291 BC
• Kyzylshilik 2, 666 BC to 525 BC
• Lisakovsk 2, 1,724 BC to 1,706 BC
• Naurzum 2, AD 2
• Nurken-2 2, 646 BC to 300 BC
• Segizsay 2, 400 BC to 276 BC
• Sjauke-1 2, 2,235 BC to 354 BC
• Spartak 2, AD 824 to AD 950
• Taldysay 2, 1,500 BC to 1,266 BC
• Tengiz 2, 526 BC
• Ak-Moustafa 1, 1,734 BC
• Akbeit-1 1, 727 BC
• Aksu-Ayuly-4 1, 671 BC
• Aktas 1, AD 334
• Almaly 1, AD 959
• Becentshitobe 1, AD 323
• Bektauata 1, 637 BC
• Beregovaya 1, AD 719
• Bestamak 1, 350 BC
• Biestamak 1, 2,908 BC
• Borli 1, 628 BC
• Borovoye-Hillfort 1, 50 BC
• Bylkyldak 1, 1,482 BC
• Chelkar 1, 450 BC
• Grigor'yevka 1, AD 354
• Grigor'yevka-1 1, 2,044 BC
• Grigor'yevka-2 1, 2,158 BC
• Grigor'yevka-4 1, AD 691
• Guruldek 1, 1,300 BC
• Issyk-City 1, AD 705
• Izmaylovka 1, 653 BC
• Janaturmus 1, AD 1258
• Kanai 1, 2,092 BC
• Karagash 1, 2,940 BC
• Karakemer 1, 600 BC
• Karaoba 1, 347 BC
• Karaterekh 1, 681 BC
• Kargaly-1 1, 613 BC
• Kayalyk-Mausoleum 1, AD 900
• Kaynar-Bulak-2 1, AD 185
• Kenjekol' 1, AD 51
• Komaricyno 1, AD 350
• Krasnoselsky 1, 350 BC
• Kurayly 1, AD 398
• Kurgan "37-warriors" 1, 587 BC
• Kyzylasker 1, 383 BC
• Lisakovsk-1 1, AD 1110
• Malaya-Krasnoyarka 1, 1,284 BC
• MayemerII 1, 550 BC
• Michurino 1, 1,489 BC
• Myrzhyk 1, 725 BC
• Nazar-2 1, 603 BC
• Nurataldy-2 1, AD 1100
• Ornek 1, 271 BC
• Sapibulak 1, 400 BC
• Satan 1, 1,765 BC
• Serekty-2 1, 650 BC
• Shiderty 1, 274 BC
• Shiderty-2 1, 599 BC
• Sjartas 1, 600 BC
• Sjauke settlement 1, AD 793
• Sjiderti-10 1, 2,088 BC
• Sjolpan-4 1, 2,530 BC
• Solyanka Vodokhranilische 1, 1,612 BC
• Talapty 1, 1,200 BC
• Tanabergen-2 1, 1,974 BC

Source: Allen Ancient DNA Resource v66 (Mallick et al. 2024), individuals with a date and coordinates; samples the AADR flags as misdated are left out. Group names are those of the original studies. Haplogroups are shown when they could be read from the ancient DNA.