Ancient DNA from India
42 ancient people from India have had their genome published, from 2,350 BC to AD 1860. Here they are on a map and period by period, with their archaeological cultures and haplogroups.
Main archaeological groups: India Roopkund-A (23), India Roopkund-B (12), India 100BP (1), India Choskar (1), India Choskar LBA (1).
Most frequent Y-DNA lines: H1a (3), J2b (3), R1a (3), E1b (2), R2 (2), G2a (1).
Most frequent mtDNA lines: H1 (3), M3a (3), H12a (2), J1b (2), M30 (2), M3c (2).
📊 How India's DNA changed over 10,000 years: hunter-gatherers, farmers, steppe herders and later arrivals, period by period.
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Period by period
3,000 to 1,000 BC (1 individual)
| Date | Group | Site | Y-DNA | mtDNA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2,350 BC | India Harappan | Rakhigarhi | U2b2 |
AD 1 to 1000 (23 individuals)
| Date | Group | Site | Y-DNA | mtDNA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AD 722 | India Roopkund-A | Roopkund | J2b2a2b~ | M3a1 |
| AD 772 | India Roopkund-A | Roopkund | M30+16234 | |
| AD 784 | India Roopkund-A | Roopkund | R2a2b1b2b | HV14 |
| AD 798 | India Roopkund-A | Roopkund | X2p | |
| AD 821 | India Roopkund-A | Roopkund | E1b1b1b2a1a~ | M30c |
| AD 825 | India Roopkund-A | Roopkund | U4d3 | |
| AD 832 | India Roopkund-A | Roopkund | J2b2a~ | M4 |
| AD 832 | India Roopkund-A | Roopkund | H3b | |
| AD 832 | India Roopkund-A | Roopkund | R1a1a1 | R30b2a |
| AD 841 | India Roopkund-A | Roopkund | M3d1a | |
| AD 841 | India Roopkund-A | Roopkund | ||
| AD 841 | India Roopkund-A | Roopkund | R1a1a1 | U8b1a1 |
| AD 843 | India Roopkund-A | Roopkund | U2c1 | |
| AD 849 | India Roopkund-A | Roopkund | M5a | |
| AD 851 | India Roopkund-A | Roopkund | H1a1a4b | M3a2 |
| AD 851 | India Roopkund-A | Roopkund | M3c1a | |
| AD 851 | India Roopkund-A | Roopkund | M3c2 | |
| AD 880 | India Roopkund-A | Roopkund | H1a1a4b | M3a1+204 |
| AD 927 | India Roopkund-A | Roopkund | R2 | H13a2a |
| AD 934 | India Roopkund-A | Roopkund | J2a1a1b1 | M30+16234 |
| AD 935 | India Roopkund-A | Roopkund | U7a2 | |
| AD 939 | India Roopkund-A | Roopkund | H1a1b1 | M33d |
| AD 943 | India Roopkund-A | Roopkund | R2 | J1b1a1 |
After AD 1000 (18 individuals)
| Date | Group | Site | Y-DNA | mtDNA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AD 1751 | India Roopkund-C | Roopkund | O1b1a1a1 | M24a |
| AD 1757 | India Roopkund-B | Roopkund | J1b4 | |
| AD 1762 | India Roopkund-B | Roopkund | H12a | |
| AD 1775 | India Choskar LBA | Choskar | ||
| AD 1800 | India-oCentralEurope | Roopkund | R1b1a1b2a2a | W1+119 |
| AD 1807 | India Roopkund-B | Roopkund | J1a2b1 | H6b |
| AD 1807 | India Roopkund-oNearEast | Roopkund | ||
| AD 1819 | India Roopkund-B | Roopkund | G2a2b2a1a1c1 | H60a |
| AD 1819 | India Roopkund-B | Roopkund | J | K1a |
| AD 1821 | India Roopkund-B | Roopkund | E1b1b1b2a1a~ | H12a |
| AD 1821 | India Choskar | Choskar | ||
| AD 1822 | India Roopkund-B | Roopkund | T1a2b1 | X2d |
| AD 1822 | India Roopkund-B | Roopkund | T1a | |
| AD 1822 | India Roopkund-B | Roopkund | Q2a | H1 |
| AD 1823 | India Roopkund-B | Roopkund | J2b1 | H1 |
| AD 1824 | India Roopkund-B | Roopkund | H1c15 | |
| AD 1826 | India Roopkund-B | Roopkund | R1a1a1b1a2b3a | H1+152 |
| AD 1860 | India 100BP | Great Andaman Island | P | M* |
Excavation sites
- Roopkund 38, AD 722 to AD 1826
- Choskar 2, AD 1775 to AD 1821
- Great Andaman Island 1, AD 1860
- Rakhigarhi 1, 2,350 BC
Source: Allen Ancient DNA Resource v66 (Mallick et al. 2024), individuals with a date and coordinates; samples the AADR flags as misdated are left out. Group names are those of the original studies. Haplogroups are shown when they could be read from the ancient DNA.