Ancient DNA from Greenland
24 ancient people from Greenland have had their genome published, from 1,935 BC to AD 1224. Here they are on a map and period by period, with their archaeological cultures and haplogroups.
Main archaeological groups: Greenland EarlyNorse (13), Greenland LateNorse (8), Greenland EarlyNorse-1 (2), Greenland Saqqaq (1).
Most frequent Y-DNA lines: I1a (3), R1a (2), CF (1), F (1), I1 (1), Q1a (1).
Most frequent mtDNA lines: J1c (5), H4a (2), H54 (2), K1a (2), T2a (2), D2a (1).
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Period by period
3,000 to 1,000 BC (1 individual)
| Date | Group | Site | Y-DNA | mtDNA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1,935 BC | Greenland Saqqaq | Qeqertasussuk | Q1a1b | D2a1 |
AD 1 to 1000 (2 individuals)
| Date | Group | Site | Y-DNA | mtDNA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AD 847 | Greenland EarlyNorse | V051 | U5b1e1 | |
| AD 952 | Greenland EarlyNorse | 64 | T2a1a |
After AD 1000 (21 individuals)
| Date | Group | Site | Y-DNA | mtDNA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AD 1000 | Greenland EarlyNorse | 64 | J1c3g | |
| AD 1000 | Greenland EarlyNorse | 64 | J1c3g | |
| AD 1000 | Greenland EarlyNorse | 64 | T2a1a | |
| AD 1000 | Greenland EarlyNorse | 64 | J1c3g | |
| AD 1019 | Greenland LateNorse | V051 | R1b1a1b1a1a | H54 |
| AD 1050 | Greenland EarlyNorse-1 | 029a | I1a1a3a~ | K1a3a |
| AD 1050 | Greenland EarlyNorse | 029a | CF | J1c3b |
| AD 1050 | Greenland EarlyNorse | 029a | F | H2a1 |
| AD 1050 | Greenland EarlyNorse | 029a | I1 | T2b21 |
| AD 1050 | Greenland EarlyNorse | 029a | R1a1a1 | H4a1a4b |
| AD 1050 | Greenland EarlyNorse | 029a | H4a1a1 | |
| AD 1050 | Greenland EarlyNorse | 64 | I1a1a4a1a1b1~ | H1ao |
| AD 1050 | Greenland EarlyNorse-1 | 029a | U3a1 | |
| AD 1050 | Greenland EarlyNorse | 029a | R1a1a1a1d1a~ | J1c1b |
| AD 1072 | Greenland LateNorse | V051 | U4a1 | |
| AD 1105 | Greenland LateNorse | V051 | I2 | |
| AD 1107 | Greenland LateNorse | V051 | H1i2 | |
| AD 1116 | Greenland LateNorse | 149 | I1a5a~ | K1a+195 |
| AD 1174 | Greenland LateNorse | V051 | U4b1b1b | |
| AD 1188 | Greenland LateNorse | 149 | W | |
| AD 1224 | Greenland LateNorse | V007 | H54 |
Excavation sites
- 029a 8, AD 1050
- 64 6, AD 952 to AD 1050
- V051 6, AD 847 to AD 1174
- 149 2, AD 1116 to AD 1188
- Qeqertasussuk 1, 1,935 BC
- V007 1, AD 1224
Source: Allen Ancient DNA Resource v66 (Mallick et al. 2024), individuals with a date and coordinates; samples the AADR flags as misdated are left out. Group names are those of the original studies. Haplogroups are shown when they could be read from the ancient DNA.