Ancient DNA from Brazil
60 ancient people from Brazil have had their genome published, from 8,424 BC to AD 1869. Here they are on a map and period by period, with their archaeological cultures and haplogroups.
Main archaeological groups: Brazil SouthSantaCatarina LateHolocene 2400BP HG (6), Brazil CentralMinasGerais EarlyHolocene 10100BP HG (4), Brazil CentralMinasGerais EarlyHolocene 9600BP HG (3), Brazil SouthSantaCatarina LateHolocene 2100BP HG (3), Brazil SouthSantaCatarina LateHolocene 2200BP (3).
Most frequent Y-DNA lines: Q1b (29), C1b (2), Q (2), C2a (1), I2a (1).
Most frequent mtDNA lines: C1c (14), A2 (8), D1 (7), B2 (6), D4h (4), B2b (2).
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Period by period
10,000 to 5,000 BC (18 individuals)
5,000 to 3,000 BC (3 individuals)
| Date | Group | Site | Y-DNA | mtDNA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4,858 BC | Brazil SouthSaoPaulo MiddleHolocene 6800BP HG | Laranjal | Q1b1a1a1f | A2 |
| 4,610 BC | Brazil SouthSaoPaulo MiddleHolocene 6600BP HG | Laranjal | A2 | |
| 3,859 BC | Brazil SouthSaoPaulo MiddleHolocene 5800BP HG | Moraes | D4h3a |
3,000 to 1,000 BC (4 individuals)
| Date | Group | Site | Y-DNA | mtDNA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2,675 BC | Brazil RioGrandeNorte MiddleLateHolocene HG | Pedra do Alexandre | Q1b1a1a | C1b |
| 1,582 BC | Brazil SouthSantaCatarina LateHolocene 3200BP HG | Cabeçuda | Q1b1a1a | D1 |
| 1,566 BC | Brazil SouthPiaui LateHolocene 3500BP HG | Toca do Enoque Cave | Q1b1a | A2e |
| 1,224 BC | Brazil SouthSantaCatarina LateHolocene 3200BP HG | Cabeçuda | Q1b1a1a | D4 |
1,000 BC to AD 1 (21 individuals)
AD 1 to 1000 (8 individuals)
| Date | Group | Site | Y-DNA | mtDNA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AD 3 | Brazil EastEspiritoSanto LateHolocene 1900BP HG | Sambaqui do Limão | C1b | |
| AD 69 | Brazil EastEspiritoSanto LateHolocene 1800BP HG | Sambaqui do Limão | A2-A2m | |
| AD 149 | Brazil EastEspiritoSanto LateHolocene 1800BP HG | Sambaqui do Limão | Q1b1a2 | D1-D1d2 |
| AD 287 | Brazil SouthSantaCatarina LateHolocene 1700BP HG | Jabuticabeira II | ||
| AD 400 | Brazil EastEspiritoSanto LateHolocene HG | Sambaqui do Limão | A2-A2m | |
| AD 611 | Brazil SouthSantaCatarina LateHolocene 1400BP | Jabuticabeira II | B2 | |
| AD 611 | Brazil SouthSantaCatarina LateHolocene 1300BP HG | Jabuticabeira II | ||
| AD 721 | Brazil SouthSantaCatarina LateHolocene 1200BP | Galheta IV | C1c |
After AD 1000 (6 individuals)
| Date | Group | Site | Y-DNA | mtDNA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AD 1357 | Brazil SoutheastBahia Vau 600BP UnaPottery | Vau | Q1b1a1a | B2b3a |
| AD 1454 | Brazil Para LateHolocene 500BP TupiguaraniPottery Koriabo | Palmeiras-Xingu | Q1b1 | B2b-N |
| AD 1491 | Brazil EastEspiritoSanto LateHolocene 500BP TupiguaraniPottery | Sambaqui do Limão | B2 | |
| AD 1650 | Brazil CentralMinasGerais 300BP Botocudo | Rio Doce Valley | C1b | B4a1a1a |
| AD 1650 | Brazil CentralMinasGerais 300BP Botocudo | Rio Doce Valley | C1b2a1 | B4a1a1 |
| AD 1869 | Brazil SoutheastSaoPaulo LateHolocene 100BP Kaingang | Kaingang | I2a1a1a1a1b1b~ | B2 |
Excavation sites
- Jabuticabeira II 21, 574 BC to AD 611
- Caverna do Sumidouro 8, 8,422 BC to 7,801 BC
- Lapa do Santo 8, 7,912 BC to 7,297 BC
- Sambaqui do Limão 6, 755 BC to AD 1491
- Cabeçuda 2, 1,582 BC to 1,224 BC
- Cubatão I 2, 720 BC to 591 BC
- Laranjal 2, 4,858 BC to 4,610 BC
- Rio Doce Valley 2, AD 1650
- Capelinha 1, 8,424 BC
- Galheta IV 1, AD 721
- Kaingang 1, AD 1869
- Loca do Suin 1, 7,137 BC
- Moraes 1, 3,859 BC
- Palmeiras-Xingu 1, AD 1454
- Pedra do Alexandre 1, 2,675 BC
- Toca do Enoque Cave 1, 1,566 BC
- Vau 1, AD 1357
Source: Allen Ancient DNA Resource v66 (Mallick et al. 2024), individuals with a date and coordinates; samples the AADR flags as misdated are left out. Group names are those of the original studies. Haplogroups are shown when they could be read from the ancient DNA.