21/06/2025 - From Roman Soldiers to Merovingian Kings: A Genetic Legacy on the Northern Frontier

The edges of the Roman Empire were never barren limits. They were dynamic zones of exchange, settlement, and transformation. Thanks to archaeogenetics, we now have the tools to explore these liminal spaces through the DNA of those who lived and died there. Three recent studies—from Valkenburg (South Holland), Sint-Truiden (Belgium), and a broad survey across Europe—offer new insights into the ancestry and mobility of Roman frontier populations. When combined with genetic data from Merovingian-era cemeteries, a fascinating story emerges: one of continuity, integration, and transition.

I. Valkenburg: A Cosmopolitan Outpost

The Roman military cemetery at Valkenburg, explored in the 2024 study by van Duijvenbode et al. (bioRxiv), presents a diverse genetic landscape. Most males carried the Y-haplogroup R1b1a1b1a1a2, associated with Iron Age Western Europeans—suggesting local recruitment. Yet, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lineages were notably varied: U5, H1-H11, T2, J1c, K1a, N1a, and even L2b, which points to African ancestry. These maternal haplogroups likely represent women of diverse geographic origin, some possibly arriving via military or economic networks.

Autosomal data reinforces this narrative of admixture: while many individuals showed Western European profiles, others carried signals from Southern Europe and the eastern Mediterranean. One remarkable case is individual CGG107753, buried at Valkenburg, whose genome reflects a strong affinity with Byzantine or eastern Mediterranean ancestry—highlighting the reach of Roman-era mobility. Strontium isotope analysis confirmed high mobility, especially among non-local women.

II. Sint-Truiden: Diversity Within the Ranks

In 2025, Cassidy et al. (Genome Biology) revealed the genetic profiles of 42 individuals from Sint-Truiden, a Roman military site in Belgium. Here, the genetic diversity is even more striking: individuals trace ancestry to the Balkans, the Levant, North Africa, and beyond. Over one-third were born outside the region, as shown by isotopic data.

This pattern reflects the Roman military's recruitment from across the Empire and the permeability of provincial society. Like Valkenburg, Sint-Truiden supports the idea of rapid social integration: first-generation migrants intermarried, and their descendants formed a new, local population.

IV. Merovingians: Inheriting the Empire’s Diversity?

What happened after Rome? Genetic data from over 40 Merovingian individuals (KOS, OLV, WPK), as described in the study Capturing the fusion of two ancestries and kinship structures in Merovingian Flanders, offers a glimpse. Individuals like KOS009, OLV072, and OLV065 illustrate the persistence of diverse ancestries in early medieval Flanders—with varying degrees of admixture reflecting both continuity from the Roman period and new kinship structures emerging in Merovingian society. Many carried R1b male lineages and autosomal profiles similar to local Roman-period samples. Others, however, diverged—suggesting heterogeneity in post-Roman population structures.

Compared to the Valkenburg and Sint-Truiden individuals, the Merovingians seem genetically closer to local Romanized populations than to the more diverse military recruits. Some admixture components—possibly from earlier Roman migrations—persisted. This suggests that while the Roman Empire collapsed politically, its genetic legacy endured.

V. Conclusion: The Genetic Echoes of Empire

The Roman frontier was more than a military boundary—it was a corridor of human movement and exchange. From Valkenburg’s cosmopolitan cemetery to Sint-Truiden’s diverse garrison, and into the Frankish age, DNA tells a story of integration and inheritance.

The peoples of early medieval Europe did not arise from isolation but from centuries of contact. The Empire may have fallen, but its biological impact shaped the genetic landscape of its former provinces for generations to come.

For those interested in further analysis or visualization, here are the G25 coordinates of the samples:

CGG107735_Netherlands_South-Holland_Roman_IA,0.125205,0.128972,0.055814,0.055556,0.030467,0.024263,0.00376,-0.000692,0.000205,-0.00656,-0.00065,-0.004646,-0.014569,-0.011147,0.012893,0.008751,-0.012126,-0.001267,-0.000754,0.01063,-0.006364,0.002597,0.005793,0.015303,0.000958
CGG107736_Netherlands_South-Holland_Roman_IA,0.124067,0.139128,0.070899,0.043928,0.018465,0.0251,-0.010575,0.006923,-0.002454,-0.004191,0.002598,-0.009591,0.004906,-0.001514,0.029858,0.008088,-0.026859,-0.000253,0.006411,0.022136,0.004991,-0.005317,-0.008134,0.014821,-0.013891
CGG107742_Netherlands_South-Holland_Roman_IA,0.126344,0.144205,0.064488,0.060724,0.016003,0.017849,0.00329,-0.009461,-0.006954,-0.019317,-0.002598,0.001049,-0.0055,-0.022432,0.029994,0.008221,0.007562,0.005574,-0.004777,0.012381,0.001373,0.002844,-0.001109,0.017472,0.003233
CGG107744_Netherlands_South-Holland_Roman_IA,0.132035,0.139128,0.061848,0.052649,0.042777,0.021753,0.015746,0.006692,0.009204,-0.000547,-0.000487,0.004796,-0.010555,-0.019405,0.020087,0.015115,0.008345,-0.001267,0.002263,0.014882,0.004118,-0.000989,0.001972,0.006868,0.00455
CGG107745_Netherlands_South-Holland_Roman_IA,0.121791,0.123895,0.061471,0.059109,0.032929,0.028168,-0.002585,0.001846,0,-0.008565,-0.000812,-0.001199,-0.011893,-0.01734,0.018865,-0.001724,-0.0103,-0.003421,-0.002514,0.012256,0.006489,0.001484,0.001849,0.01928,-0.004071
CGG107746_Netherlands_South-Holland_Roman_IA,0.12862,0.146236,0.061471,0.031008,0.048009,0.016176,0.002585,0.005307,0.012271,0.020046,-0.001461,0.016935,-0.017393,-0.005367,0.0095,-0.009414,-0.019427,0.00266,0.005154,-0.005503,0.010981,-0.002102,-0.003574,-0.000602,-0.002275
CGG107747_Netherlands_South-Holland_Roman_IA,0.124067,0.140143,0.048271,0.022287,0.0437,0.009482,-0.001175,0.004384,0.007567,0.019499,-0.006008,0.004796,-0.016799,-0.005918,0.008958,-0.002121,-0.005867,0.000253,0.00817,-0.003877,0.00262,-0.000989,-0.000616,0.00976,0.001796
CGG107748_Netherlands_South-Holland_Roman_IA,0.137726,0.129988,0.055437,0.062016,0.040931,0.010877,0,0.004154,0.006545,-0.002005,-0.005359,0.004946,-0.00996,-0.017753,0.025515,0.02201,0.005085,0.008488,0.002388,0.009129,0.009234,0.003586,0.004067,0.014942,-0.002754
CGG107749_Netherlands_South-Holland_Roman_IA,0.132035,0.129988,0.075047,0.062985,0.044316,0.026495,-0.001175,0.005769,-0.003272,-0.006743,-0.004222,-0.001798,-0.011596,-0.011973,0.019544,0.012331,-0.002086,0.002534,-0.000377,0.003752,0.012104,-0.00272,0.002835,0.016026,0.000479
CGG107750_Netherlands_South-Holland_Roman_IA,0.124067,0.140143,0.058831,0.031977,0.048624,0.01004,0.009165,0.007615,0.010226,0.007289,-0.005359,0.004196,-0.011596,-0.008808,0.013301,0.002917,-0.004694,0.001647,0.004525,0.007504,0.001872,0.006554,0.004314,-0.003976,-0.002155
CGG107751_Netherlands_South-Holland_Roman_IA,0.125205,0.129988,0.06939,0.061693,0.028313,0.023427,0.003055,0.005307,0.003272,-0.000911,-0.000487,0.005545,-0.013825,-0.013349,0.027823,-0.005171,-0.025295,0.004941,-0.003394,0.005503,-0.00025,0.008903,-0.004314,0.008917,0.003113
CGG107752_Netherlands_South-Holland_Roman_IA,0.133173,0.127957,0.052797,0.033915,0.044931,0.014781,0.002585,0.002538,0.012885,0.008383,-0.004384,0.005845,-0.013231,-0.025873,0.014522,0.008221,-0.005867,-0.003801,0.00176,0.009505,-0.000873,-0.003833,0.001725,0.005784,0.002515
CGG107753_Netherlands_South-Holland_Roman_IA,0.10927,0.151314,-0.033941,-0.075582,0.002154,-0.024542,0.00188,-0.00923,-0.009408,0.023326,-0.002436,0.003747,-0.013677,0.000413,-0.016829,-0.002254,0.009127,-0.000887,0.003394,-0.006378,-0.013975,-0.002968,0.000739,0.001446,0.000958
CGG107754_Netherlands_South-Holland_Roman_IA,0.127482,0.135065,0.064865,0.056848,0.043393,0.018965,0.012221,0.005307,0.003272,-0.002187,-0.004384,0.001499,-0.008176,-0.016515,0.015065,0.001989,-0.006258,0.002407,0.002891,0.005253,0.003743,0.011129,-0.000863,0.006868,-0.003353
CGG107755_Netherlands_South-Holland_Roman_IA,0.127482,0.139128,0.053551,0.032946,0.044931,0.00753,-0.003055,0.007846,0.00409,0.012574,-0.007795,0.01169,-0.017839,-0.014863,0.018729,0.001193,-0.00678,0.005194,-0.004525,0.001876,-0.002745,0.004328,-0.000616,0.009399,-0.002155
CGG107756_Netherlands_South-Holland_Roman_IA,0.12862,0.141159,0.048271,0.026163,0.040623,0.005857,0.00329,0.002538,0.012271,0.01877,-0.00682,-0.00015,-0.01888,-0.004679,0.013436,0.009546,-0.000391,-0.00266,0.000628,-0.001751,0.000499,0.009645,-0.001356,0.00253,0.004071
CGG107757_Netherlands_South-Holland_Roman_IA,0.125205,0.132019,0.075424,0.066538,0.040931,0.021475,0.000235,0.002538,0.009613,-0.005467,-0.005521,0.008542,-0.00996,-0.01156,0.021987,0.015911,0.001043,-0.002914,0.001131,0.014007,0.01123,0.006801,-0.001972,0.011447,0.006107
CGG107758_Netherlands_South-Holland_Roman_IA,0.129758,0.12491,0.059962,0.053295,0.034468,0.019522,0.006815,0.000923,0.001227,0.002551,-0.008931,0.003297,-0.008771,-0.009496,0.020358,0.019358,0.008084,-0.00114,0.006662,0.009505,0.00574,0.005441,-0.000986,0.00735,-0.001916
CGG107759_Netherlands_South-Holland_Roman_IA,0.124067,0.137096,0.056191,0.034561,0.037545,0.014781,-0.00235,0.007846,0.014521,0.013303,0.00065,0.004646,-0.015461,-0.016239,0.008415,0.002121,-0.00339,0.002787,0.003771,-0.001251,0.008111,0.011005,-0.001972,0.012893,-0.003592
CGG107760_Netherlands_South-Holland_Roman_IA,0.133173,0.139128,0.063356,0.053295,0.03693,0.021753,0,0.008077,-0.002045,-0.004556,-0.007145,0.002997,-0.012339,-0.013625,0.018865,-0.001326,-0.014864,0.002407,0.004525,-0.001251,0.003119,-0.002226,0.001479,0.004579,-0.000599
CGG107761_Netherlands_South-Holland_Roman_IA,0.140002,0.136081,0.06675,0.06783,0.045547,0.017291,0.001645,-0.000923,-0.001023,-0.002734,-0.002598,0.006594,-0.01219,-0.01679,0.016422,0.008088,0.000652,0.006334,0.006411,0.004127,0.00574,0.000989,-0.001972,0.008796,-0.003353
CGG107762_Netherlands_South-Holland_Roman_IA,0.129758,0.132019,0.09164,0.080104,0.046778,0.029841,0.00987,0.011307,-0.000614,-0.035354,-0.001949,-0.009142,0.016501,0.013487,-0.003122,0.01127,0.00665,0.009248,0.006788,0.01013,0.000873,-0.007172,0.001232,0.000482,0.00479
CGG107764_Netherlands_South-Holland_Roman_IA,0.122929,0.137096,0.058831,0.05814,0.041546,0.022869,-0.001175,0.002538,0.00634,0.002005,0.000162,0.008992,-0.015758,0.004404,0.019408,-0.010607,-0.021905,-0.000633,0.00264,0.002251,0.009109,0.001237,0.005546,0.008314,-0.003233
CGG107766_Netherlands_South-Holland_Roman_IA,0.130897,0.125926,0.076178,0.066861,0.033545,0.025937,0.012691,0.002769,-0.003272,-0.003462,-0.000162,0.004346,-0.008325,-0.011285,0.02443,-0.002917,-0.014603,0.002407,0.000126,-0.003752,0.012228,0.00915,-0.000493,0.013255,-0.004191
CGG107767_Netherlands_South-Holland_Roman_IA,0.12862,0.131003,0.058831,0.055879,0.032929,0.019243,0.008225,0.006923,-0.003272,0.001822,0.003735,0.004946,-0.006541,-0.013625,0.022801,0.009679,-0.009909,0.005954,0.000503,0.002501,0.001996,0.003215,0.002095,0.01217,0.00012
CGG107768_Netherlands_South-Holland_Roman_IA,0.129758,0.129988,0.061471,0.059755,0.031083,0.02761,0.002585,0.004846,0.000205,-0.007836,-0.003248,0.005695,-0.013528,-0.019955,0.025923,0.015513,-0.000652,-0.00114,-0.001131,0.004127,0.007487,-0.00136,-0.001972,0.010122,0.005269
Merovingian:KOS001,0.1161,0.141159,0.046009,0.036499,0.025851,-0.003904,0.006345,0.007846,0.009408,0.004374,0.000325,0.006594,-0.00446,-0.018304,0.015201,0.003447,-0.00339,0.002027,0.002765,0.000875,0.007986,0.011623,0.00419,0.013014,-0.006347
Merovingian:KOS002,0.119514,0.127957,0.058831,0.039083,0.031083,0.006414,0.0047,0.010615,0.009204,0.010752,-0.004547,0.003747,-0.013528,-0.010184,0.017508,0.021214,0.004694,0.006208,0.013073,0.001626,0.008485,-0.002597,-0.007395,0.010845,0.001557
Merovingian:KOS003,0.126344,0.132019,0.062979,0.0323,0.044316,0.015618,0.009165,0.005077,0.007363,0.020046,0.00065,0.009142,-0.012636,-0.008257,0.014522,0.008088,0.002217,0.003294,-0.004902,-0.003752,0.008235,-0.01286,-0.011955,0.007591,-0.002036
Merovingian:KOS006,0.120652,0.140143,0.064111,0.045866,0.035699,0.01506,0.00329,0.002538,0.010022,0.003645,-0.003573,0.005245,-0.010852,-0.013487,0.027551,0.012994,0.011735,-0.004434,0.005908,0.015132,0.004118,0.002473,0.001109,0.01205,-0.00467
Merovingian:KOS007,0.122929,0.125926,0.07203,0.059109,0.044008,0.021753,0.000235,0.001385,0.005113,-0.002734,-0.017376,3e-04,-0.015015,-0.012248,0.028908,0.005304,0.002086,0.002154,0.006285,-0.003252,0.009982,0.00272,-0.002218,0.015303,0.008502
Merovingian:KOS008C,0.122929,0.138112,0.058454,0.041021,0.041546,0.009203,-0.002585,0.002769,0.014726,0.009841,-0.002273,0.004946,-0.015907,-0.007569,0.030537,0.008221,-0.01017,-0.003927,0.004902,0.002376,0.004243,0.011994,0.000616,0.00976,-0.003712
Merovingian:KOS009,0.112685,0.142174,0.039975,0.017119,0.040623,0.007809,-0.003995,0.007846,0.017589,0.014943,-0.005684,0.004646,-0.016204,-0.005918,0.007872,0.004773,-0.000652,-0.003547,-0.003897,-0.000875,0.001373,-0.008656,-0.004314,0.001325,0.001676
Merovingian:KOS010,0.118376,0.139128,0.044877,0.027132,0.047393,0.020638,0.013161,0.010384,0.013908,0.027518,-0.007795,0.016335,-0.010258,-0.017065,0.016829,0.011138,0.019949,-0.015203,0.008799,0.012631,0.009358,0.001237,-0.011092,-0.000361,0.006347
Merovingian:KOS011,0.124067,0.137096,0.058077,0.036822,0.049548,0.027889,0.020681,-0.001154,0.013294,0.011481,-0.014615,0.001349,-0.009366,-0.018304,0.009636,0.013126,0.000522,-0.000253,0.004148,0.006878,-0.002246,0.006925,0.001356,0.017834,0.000359
Merovingian:KOS012,0.1161,0.11577,0.056568,0.048773,0.053548,0.018128,-0.001175,0.018922,-0.003886,0.000547,-0.008607,0.008692,0.001635,-0.005918,0.010179,0.020154,0.008214,-0.002154,-0.00817,0.009505,0.009234,0.005688,0.003204,-0.000241,0.010897
Merovingian:KOS013,0.12862,0.137096,0.060339,0.034884,0.034776,0.017291,0.004465,0.002538,0.004295,0.000729,-0.002436,0.01109,-0.008028,-0.00812,0.020765,0.006762,-0.007823,-0.002534,0.007668,0.001626,0.009234,-0.006925,-0.003081,0.013496,-0.012095
Merovingian:KOS015,0.122929,0.137096,0.060716,0.036499,0.035083,0.007251,-0.002585,0.001154,0.005522,0.011116,0.006983,0.007943,-0.01219,-0.006881,0.012622,-0.011933,-0.017732,0.000887,0.010182,0.003252,0.010232,0.002844,0.005546,0.015544,0.011256
Merovingian:KOS016,0.129758,0.13405,0.049026,0.035853,0.043393,0.017849,0,0.008307,0.005522,-0.001276,-0.009094,-0.001499,-0.005203,-0.007707,0.015744,0.009281,-0.021383,0.006714,0.007919,0.008629,0.004492,0.005564,0.006409,0.004699,0.000838
Merovingian:KOS017,0.126344,0.136081,0.053928,0.037791,0.038776,0.018407,-0.00094,0.006231,0.008181,-0.001093,-0.002436,0.000599,-0.010258,-0.007294,0.015201,0.001989,-0.015385,0.00114,0.005908,0.009505,0.009858,0.010881,0.002958,0.006748,0.002754
Merovingian:KOS022,0.125205,0.129988,0.057322,0.023256,0.040623,0.011713,0.01081,0.018692,-0.00225,0.008747,-0.003085,0.017385,-0.018583,-0.020506,0.02823,0.001989,-0.005607,-0.004434,-0.001006,0.004627,0.021462,-0.008161,-0.006655,0.012532,0.003113
Merovingian:KOS024,0.127482,0.141159,0.06675,0.043605,0.03416,0.019522,0.00047,0.006692,0.01309,0.012757,0.003735,0.001948,-0.019029,-0.02546,0.02538,0.009812,-0.013169,-0.006714,0.013198,0.004752,-0.004243,0.015828,0.006779,0.006507,-0.005389
Merovingian:KOS028,0.113823,0.13405,0.065242,0.046512,0.048009,0.019243,0,0.009923,0.007363,0.002734,-0.007307,0.004346,-0.009217,-0.004266,0.018187,0.007027,-0.002477,0.001394,-0.001006,0.001376,0.008859,0.000247,0.003697,0.013375,0.003353
Merovingian:KOS032,0.118376,0.142174,0.041483,0.028424,0.038469,0.004183,-0.008225,0.004384,0.00859,0.006925,-0.01088,0.007643,-0.009366,-0.012937,0.002307,-0.004906,-0.002738,0.002407,0,-0.003502,0.002371,0.006925,0.006286,-0.000241,-0.00479
Merovingian:KOS033,0.114961,0.127957,0.057322,0.037468,0.042777,0.020359,0.00987,-0.002769,0.015339,0.006378,-0.000812,-0.001649,-0.011596,-0.012799,0.016965,0.017369,0.019688,-0.007475,0.000126,0.00025,0.015223,-0.006554,0.001232,0.011447,0.005389
Merovingian:KOS034,0.120652,0.135065,0.058077,0.044897,0.041546,0.010598,0.00564,0.003461,0.014317,0.005467,-0.009906,0.001649,-0.008474,-0.012248,0.016558,0.006629,-0.004563,0.003421,-0.003017,0.002001,0.01148,0.001484,-0.002588,0.006627,-0.005987
Merovingian:KOS036,0.130897,0.123895,0.074293,0.043282,0.050471,0.020638,0.003055,0.010384,0.014726,0.024784,-0.015102,0.006294,-0.016501,-0.012248,0.010993,0.016971,0.000391,0.013429,-0.001006,0.006503,0.016845,-0.007048,0.003574,0.013375,0.003952
Merovingian:KOS038,0.112685,0.140143,0.050911,0.010659,0.044624,0.00753,0.00188,0.001846,0.009817,0.014032,0.006333,0.006145,-0.007433,-0.006193,0.0057,0.002519,0.003912,-0.00114,-0.005908,-0.003001,0.003369,0.00371,-0.007888,-0.000602,0.002036
Merovingian:OLV021,0.117238,0.137096,0.044877,0.026809,0.035391,0.003626,0.005405,0.005307,0.005727,0.008747,-0.009906,0.010491,-0.017245,-0.012937,0.008958,0.008486,-0.00326,-0.003421,0.004399,-0.005503,-0.000998,0.002226,0.003081,0.005904,-0.002155
Merovingian:OLV038,0.1161,0.132019,0.063733,0.020995,0.047086,0.001952,0.01034,0.011999,0.000818,0.015126,0.011692,0.014687,-0.007433,-0.003028,0.014251,-0.008088,-0.018906,0.005321,0.005656,0.002876,-0.017594,0.008532,0.003328,-0.001325,-0.00491
Merovingian:OLV050,0.133173,0.139128,0.054305,0.027778,0.035699,0.008646,0.011751,0.004615,0.007158,0.011116,0.000325,0.004046,-0.007136,-0.006331,0.010315,0.019623,0.011083,0.004687,0.001131,0.006128,0.009608,0.006183,0.002958,0.008555,-0.000838
Merovingian:OLV051,0.126344,0.140143,0.048649,0.028424,0.0397,0.015618,0.006345,0.005769,0.009204,0.016948,-0.003248,0.004796,-0.000297,-0.008395,0.015472,0.005304,-0.000782,0.011529,0.002388,0.003877,-0.004991,0.004081,0.002218,-0.000602,-0.000239
Merovingian:OLV054,0.126344,0.139128,0.055814,0.030685,0.040623,0.002789,-0.00282,-0.000923,0.003068,-0.005467,-0.003735,0.005695,-0.010406,-0.007019,0.014251,0.013657,0.003912,-0.003801,-0.006411,0.003502,0.002121,0.000989,-0.000493,0.011688,-0.003473
Merovingian:OLV055,0.114961,0.140143,0.063733,0.038437,0.0437,0.019522,-0.00564,0.003923,0.01084,0.015126,0.000974,0.012289,-0.015163,-0.007844,0.020629,-0.001458,-0.011343,0.010008,0.004022,0.005753,0.00262,0.000247,-0.006655,0.007832,-0.007305
Merovingian:OLV056,0.12862,0.152329,0.049403,0.024225,0.0437,0.013945,0.001645,-0.004615,0.008385,0.021322,-0.013803,0.002548,-0.013974,-0.002202,0.01045,-0.005038,-0.014994,0.004434,0.006285,-0.010755,-0.009982,-0.017435,-0.003081,0.016508,-0.013651
Merovingian:OLV058,0.119514,0.139128,0.047894,0.029393,0.042469,0.013945,0.000705,0.006923,0.013703,0.006925,0.000812,0.007943,-0.012042,-0.01156,0.01045,0.005038,-0.001956,-0.002534,-0.005531,0.007253,0.000624,0.000247,-0.003821,0.012652,-0.010897
Merovingian:OLV065,0.110408,0.127957,0.056945,0.020026,0.042777,0.007809,-0.001645,0.015461,0.006954,0.035354,-0.004872,-0.001199,-0.018285,-0.013487,0.007193,-0.001326,-0.003781,0.00228,0.009176,-0.003502,-0.011605,0.020279,-0.006532,0.010483,-0.006826
Merovingian:OLV067,0.118376,0.13405,0.0445,0.02261,0.036314,0.009761,0.00094,0.006692,0.004909,0.016401,-0.004547,0.005995,-0.00773,-0.013349,0.013843,0.018032,0.0103,-0.001647,-0.004399,-0.004752,0.010731,0.00272,0.000123,0.007591,0.008143
Merovingian:OLV071,0.127482,0.136081,0.059585,0.04845,0.037545,0.006414,0.007755,0.006923,0.005931,0.00656,0.001137,0.007943,-0.011596,-0.003028,0.011401,0.000928,-0.008475,0.001647,0.003771,0.009379,0.006738,0.003462,0.008997,0.005904,0.000599
Merovingian:OLV072,0.121791,0.13405,0.058831,0.01938,0.030775,0.014781,0.015041,0.008538,0.014112,0.016219,-0.007632,0.017085,-0.003865,-0.013487,0.005836,0.005967,-0.01343,-0.011275,0.00817,0.003126,0.013975,0.005935,0.006532,0.002651,0.001317
Merovingian:WPK001A,0.127482,0.13405,0.076178,0.047158,0.045239,0.022869,-0.011281,0.01223,0.007567,0.004191,-0.011854,-0.005695,-0.014123,-0.01445,0.017779,0.005171,0.002347,-0.002407,0.004022,0.006503,0.004866,0.000742,0.001232,0.002771,-0.007784
Merovingian:WPK002,0.135449,0.138112,0.058831,0.041344,0.036007,0.018686,0.010575,0.011307,0.005727,0.001093,-0.008769,0.008992,-0.011744,-0.014038,0.02158,-0.000796,-0.006128,0.004054,0.011061,0.003001,0.009982,0.001855,0.003944,0.000361,0.002754
Merovingian:WPK005,0.125205,0.140143,0.062602,0.040052,0.043393,0.01255,0,0.004615,0.009817,0.002187,-0.013316,0.003147,-0.006541,-0.009909,0.017915,0.011535,0.007041,0.003801,0.002137,0.000375,0.007487,0.012365,0.004067,0.008555,0.006227
Merovingian:WPK006,0.122929,0.13405,0.052797,0.04199,0.037238,0.016176,0.002585,0.005077,0.003068,0.004556,-0.00747,-0.00045,-0.010258,-0.016515,0.015879,0.012331,0.012908,0.005448,0.003142,0.01013,-0.001872,0.005317,0.008011,0.014098,-0.002036

References

• 2024-Steppe Ancestry in Western Eurasia and the Spread of the Germanic Languages. bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.03.13.584607

• 2025-Urbanization and genetic homogenization in the medieval Low Countries revealed through a ten-century paleogenomic study of the city of Sint-Truiden. Genome Biology. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13059-025-03580-z

• 2024-Capturing the fusion of two ancestries and kinship structures in Merovingian Flanders. PNAS. https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2406734121