Somewhere on almost every continent there is a people who will tell you they are one of the ten lost tribes of Israel, carried off by the Assyrians after the fall of Samaria in 722 BCE and scattered beyond the edge of the known world. The Pashtuns of Afghanistan and Pakistan, many of whose tribes preserve a tradition of descent from Bani Israel, are among the oldest and largest holders of the claim. The Bnei Menashe of Manipur and Mizoram, in India's far northeast, say they descend from the tribe of Manasseh. The Igbo of southeastern Nigeria carry a widespread tradition of Hebrew origin. These claims are sincere, ancient in some cases, and culturally serious. They are also testable, because Levantine ancestry, like Native American ancestry, is one of the most genetically distinctive signals a population can carry, and a real descent from Iron Age Israel would leave a mark that does not hide. The Jewish diaspora shows exactly what that mark looks like, from Morocco to Yemen to the coast of Maharashtra. When the same test is pointed at the three most famous claimant peoples, the mark is, in every case, simply absent.
An Ancient Claim, Repeated Across the World
The idea of the lost tribes has been a magnet for identification for well over a thousand years. In the Pashtun case the tradition is old and specific: the seventeenth-century Makhzan-e-Afghani traced the Afghans to Saul through a figure named Afghana, and the very name of the Yusufzai confederation, the largest Pashtun tribal group, is usually glossed as sons of Yusuf, or Joseph. The Bnei Menashe movement is far more recent, crystallising in the mid-twentieth century among Mizo and Kuki communities of the India-Myanmar borderlands, and gathering momentum after a local leader's dream in 1951; since then several thousand adherents have formally converted to Judaism and emigrated to Israel, with Israel's Sephardic Chief Rabbi recognising them as potential descendants in 2005 while still requiring conversion. The Igbo tradition of Hebrew descent, through Eri, a grandson of Jacob in the biblical genealogy, was recorded by European observers from the eighteenth century onward and amplified by the colonial-era Hamitic hypothesis, which reflexively attributed any admired African institution to a Near Eastern source. Three peoples, three languages from three unrelated families, three continents, one story.
Why the DNA Can Answer This
The reason genetics can adjudicate the question at all is that the ancient Levant sits far from South-Central Asia, from East Asia and from West Africa on every axis that matters. The Israelites of the Iron Age were, in genetic terms, a Canaanite-derived Levantine population, and a sample of Iron Age Levant, labelled Israel_IA here, serves as a direct proxy for the people among whom the biblical tribes lived. A population descended in substantial part from deported Israelites would carry a large, unmistakable fraction of that ancestry, pulling it clearly toward the Levant and away from its geographic neighbours. This is not a subtle effect. The Bene Israel of Mumbai, who really do carry an ancient Middle Eastern founder signal, sit 0.147 units closer to Iron Age Israel than their Marathi-speaking neighbours do, a shift roughly seven times the entire genetic distance separating the English from the Germans. Real descent is loud. The only question is whether it is there.
What Real Descent Looks Like: The Jewish Diaspora
Before testing the claimants, it helps to calibrate the instrument against populations whose Levantine descent is not in doubt. The Jewish diaspora is the ideal calibration set, because it records what happens to a Levantine founder population after two thousand years of dispersal and local admixture on three continents. A two-source model, decomposing each community into an Iron Age Israel source and a local host population, recovers a substantial Levantine core in every single one.
The Yemenite Jews of Arabia come out highest of all at just over 86 percent Levantine, once the host is a genuinely non-overlapping population (Ethiopian Amhara) rather than a modern Yemeni Arab reference that is itself already Levant-shifted and silently absorbs much of the signal. The Bukharian Jews of Central Asia follow at around 69 percent against a Tajik host. For the Moroccan, Sephardic and Ashkenazi communities, the same trap reappears in a different guise: a Southern European host such as modern Tuscan Italians already carries substantial Anatolian-farmer-related ancestry of its own, the same ancestral stream that runs through Iron Age Israel, so pairing Israel_IA against it under-reads the true founder fraction. Modelled instead against the three genuine deep ancestral components of Europe, Anatolian farmer, steppe pastoralist and Western hunter-gatherer, alongside the Levant pole, the picture sharpens considerably: Moroccan Jews recover to around 58 percent, Sephardic Jews of Turkey to around 50 percent, and Ashkenazi Jews to around 40 percent, all better fits than the naive single-host model. The Syrian, Iraqi and Iranian communities sit in the fifties against their respective Arab and Persian hosts. Even the most heavily admixed and geographically remote communities retain an unambiguous Levantine fraction: the Bene Israel of Mumbai at 40 percent against a Marathi host, and the Cochin Jews of Kerala around 19 percent against the same. The exact figure depends critically on which source is chosen: a host or pole that is itself already shifted toward the Levant silently deflates the recovered founder fraction, the mirror image of the trap that inflates the Pashtun figure discussed below. Choosing a source with no discernible shared ancestry with the Levant pole is essential to reading this kind of model honestly, and these numbers remain estimates rather than precise constants, but the direction never wavers: every diaspora community retains a real, substantial Levantine core.
The Pashtuns: Bani Israel on the Iranian Plateau
The Pashtun case is the most genuinely interesting of the three, because Pashtuns, unlike the other two claimant groups, are a West Eurasian population, and a careless model can be fooled into seeming to confirm the myth. Start with the honest, model-free evidence: a ranking of every population by distance from the Pashtun Yusufzai, the tribe whose very name invokes Joseph.
The Yusufzai's nearest neighbours are exactly who geography predicts: the Kalash at 0.030, other Pashtun tribes at 0.031, then Sindhis, Burusho and Baloch, then Tajiks and Persians. The nearest actual Levantine population, the Iraqi Jews, sits at 0.198, almost seven times further than the nearest neighbour, with Iron Age Israel itself at 0.231. Pashtuns are a South-Central Asian people who cluster tightly with other South-Central Asian peoples, and the Levant is nowhere near them.
Here is the trap. Because Pashtuns are broadly West Eurasian, a naive two-source model built from Iron Age Israel plus a single East-shifted neighbour will hand the Yusufzai a spurious 15 percent Levantine share, purely because Israel_IA is the more western of the two poles and gets used to pull the model in that direction. That number is an artifact, and the fit of that model is poor. The correct test is not whether Pashtuns are western, which they obviously are, but whether they are shifted toward the Levant relative to their neighbours who make no Israelite claim at all. They are not. A proper distal model, one that offers Iron Age Israel alongside the real ingredients of the Iranian-plateau genome, dissolves the illusion completely.
Given a realistic source set of Iranian Neolithic, steppe, deep South Asian and East Asian ancestry, the Pashtun Yusufzai retain only a residual 6.6 percent in the Levant slot, and that residual is not an Israelite signal at all. It is the shared West-Asian farmer and Caucasus ancestry that every Iranian-plateau population carries, and it is smaller in Pashtuns than in their non-claiming neighbours: Tajiks return 11 percent in the same slot, and Persians a full 44 percent. If that number meant descent from deported Israelites, the Persians of Fars, who tell no such story, would be a far better lost tribe than the Yusufzai, and the Iraqi Jews, at 76 percent, would be the standard the Pashtuns conspicuously fail to meet. The Pashtun genome is an Iranian-plateau genome with a large deep South Asian component and essentially no Levantine one. The Bani Israel tradition is a tradition, not an ancestry.
The Bnei Menashe: A Tibeto-Burman People of the Northeast
The Bnei Menashe case is genetically the simplest, because the Mizo, Kuki and Chin communities from which the movement draws are not West Eurasian at all. They are Tibeto-Burman speaking peoples of the eastern Himalayan foothills, and their genome is an East Asian genome. A distance ranking from the Mizo makes the point without any modelling.
The Mizo sit almost on top of the Chin, Hmar and Kuki, at distances of 0.009 to 0.011, the three of them effectively one population. Beyond that immediate cluster come the Naga, the Burmese, Tibetans, and then the broader East Asian world of Han and Dai, all within 0.12. Iron Age Israel sits at 0.586, some sixty-five times further than the nearest neighbour, beyond even the Han of Beijing. A two-source model with a Levantine pole returns zero percent Levantine ancestry for the Mizo, the Kuki, the Chin and the Hmar alike; the local Tibeto-Burman host absorbs the entire genome with nothing left over. There is no Middle Eastern layer, ancient or recent, to be found. This is the same tribe, Manasseh, claimed by the Samaritans of Nablus, who carry an Iron Age Levantine genome to four decimal places. The two claims are genetically as far apart as two human populations can be.
The Indian Mirror: Two Communities, Two Answers
India offers an unusually clean controlled experiment, because it is home to several communities that claim Israelite or Jewish descent, and the genetics sorts them cleanly into those with a real founder signal and those without.
The Bene Israel of Mumbai and the Cochin Jews of Kerala, both communities with old traditions and long-documented Jewish practice, carry substantial Levantine cores of roughly 40 and 19 percent against their local Indian hosts, exactly the fingerprint of an ancient Middle Eastern founder population that settled, intermarried and endured. The Bnei Menashe of the northeast and the Bene Ephraim, a small Telugu-speaking community of Andhra Pradesh that began identifying as Israelite in the 1980s, return zero. All four communities make an Israelite claim. Two of them descend, in real and measurable part, from Levantine founders; two of them do not. The difference is not the sincerity of the claim or the seriousness of the practice, both of which are real across all four. The difference is whether an ancestral migration from the Middle East actually happened, and the genome records the answer without regard to the strength of the belief.
The Igbo: West Africa and the Colonial Israelite
The Igbo of Nigeria are, genetically, a West African population, and the distance ranking is as unambiguous as the Bnei Menashe one.
The Igbo sit beside the Esan, the Yoruba and the Mende at distances of 0.012 to 0.023, well inside the ordinary spread of West African peoples, with the Cameroonian Bantu close behind. Iron Age Israel sits at 0.741, some sixty times further than the nearest neighbour. Crucially, the Igbo are not shifted toward the Levant relative to their neighbours: they sit essentially the same distance from Iron Age Israel as the Yoruba and the Esan do, and a Levantine-pole model returns zero percent for all of them. The single Israelite-adjacent reference that comes anywhere close, the Beta Israel of Ethiopia at 0.462, is closer only because the Beta Israel are themselves a predominantly indigenous East African population, and their proximity to the Igbo is African proximity, not Levantine. There is no Middle Eastern component in the Igbo genome. The Hebrew-origin tradition, whatever its cultural value, has no autosomal footprint.
Why the Story Persists
If the ancestry is absent, the durability of the claim still asks for an explanation, and the historians and anthropologists who study these movements supply several. The lost tribes have always been a uniquely portable identity, an empty set of ten named peoples whose whereabouts scripture leaves deliberately open, available to be claimed by anyone who finds meaning in the connection. For the Pashtuns, the Bani Israel genealogy conferred prestige and a link to prophetic history within an Islamic framework that honours the Israelite prophets. For the Igbo, the identification was heavily shaped from outside, by European missionaries and administrators working from the Hamitic hypothesis, before being embraced and reworked from within as a source of pride and, more recently, of active Jewish practice. For the Bnei Menashe, the modern movement drew on Christian missionary readings of local origin narratives and then, through the work of Israeli outreach organisations, offered a concrete path to conversion, recognition and emigration. In each case the story does real cultural and sometimes practical work, and its persistence is a fact about human meaning-making, not about population genetics.
A Real Trace Would Not Make You a Lost Tribe Anyway
One point needs making clearly, because it cuts against a natural misreading of everything above. Jewishness has never been a percentage in a genome. It is, in Jewish law, a matter of matrilineal descent or of formal conversion, and conversion has been part of the tradition since antiquity; a person or a community can become fully and authentically Jewish without a single Levantine marker. The Beta Israel are recognised as Jews and are a predominantly Ethiopian population genetically, and there is no contradiction in that, because their Jewishness is religious and communal rather than genetic. The thousands of Bnei Menashe who have undergone Orthodox conversion are Jews in the fullest halakhic sense regardless of what their autosomes say about Manasseh. The genetics here can do exactly one thing: it can refute a specific empirical claim of biological descent from the deported tribes of Iron Age Israel, in the same way it refutes the claim of a recent Cherokee grandmother, by showing that the ancestry such descent would necessarily leave is not present. It cannot make anyone Jewish, and it cannot unmake anyone either. Those were never questions for a coordinate model to answer. It is also worth remembering that the historical event at the root of the whole story, the Assyrian deportation, dispersed populations that were themselves Levantine, so that the true genetic heirs of the ten tribes are, in all probability, simply the Levantine and Jewish populations of the region and its diaspora, not a hidden people at the far edge of Asia or Africa.
Limits and Caveats
Several caveats apply. Israel_IA is a proxy, a modest sample of Iron Age Levant standing in for the actual, unsampled Israelite population of the eighth century BCE; the Bronze Age Canaanite sample Israel_MLBA sits almost on top of it and gives the same result, so the choice of Levantine proxy does not affect the conclusion. The two-source diaspora percentages depend on the host population chosen and should be read as directional estimates of a Levantine founder fraction rather than as exact constants; the host-dependence is precisely why the Pashtun two-source figure was flagged as an artifact and re-tested with a proper distal model. The Igbo sample here is small, four individuals, as are several of the diaspora and claimant references, so single-population comparisons should be read as suggestive; the West African signal, however, is so large and so consistent across Igbo, Esan and Yoruba that the small Igbo sample does not weaken it. Finally, and most importantly, nothing in this analysis is a judgement on the religious status, communal legitimacy or lived identity of any of these peoples, all of which lie entirely outside what a genetic coordinate can measure.
Conclusion
The lost tribes of Israel are one of the most widely claimed ancestries on earth, and the genetics treats the claim with the same unfair clarity it brings to the Cherokee grandmother. A real descent from Iron Age Israel would be one of the loudest signals a genome can carry, as the entire Jewish diaspora demonstrates from Morocco to Mumbai, retaining a large Levantine core across two thousand years and three continents. In the Pashtuns that signal is absent, and the small residual a naive model produces is shared Iranian-plateau farmer ancestry that is actually weaker in them than in their Persian neighbours. In the Bnei Menashe it is absent, in a Tibeto-Burman genome sixty-five times closer to the Han than to the Levant, even as the Samaritans who claim the same tribe of Manasseh carry an Iron Age Levantine genome intact. In the Igbo it is absent, in a West African genome indistinguishable from that of neighbours who make no such claim. The stories endure because they do real work in the lives of the people who tell them, and that is a matter for history, culture and faith. The narrow genetic question, whether these particular peoples biologically descend from the deported tribes of Israel, the DNA answers plainly, and the answer is no. The larger truth, that belonging to a people was never a matter of blood fractions in the first place, it leaves exactly where it found it.
Israel_Natufian,0.020488,0.131003,-0.039221,-0.141475,0.027082,-0.0753,-0.017861,-0.025845,0.102671,-0.004556,0.030042,-0.020682,0.069573,-0.000963,0.020222,0.028772,-0.012647,0.008868,-0.021117,0.04252,-0.004243,-0.002597,-0.011955,-0.006386,0.011735
Israel_MLBA,0.0860788,0.1471248,-0.0638747,-0.1007764,-0.0139128,-0.0386611,-0.0055128,-0.0095669,0.0132599,0.0101292,0.0099125,-0.0098099,0.0215621,0.0043408,-0.0084543,0.0056351,-0.0049055,0.0042811,0.0036138,0.0091138,0.0044765,0.0054717,-0.0049606,-0.0012853,-0.0005837
Israel_IA,0.084229,0.147252,-0.063356,-0.09367,-0.016311,-0.047969,-0.008695,-0.003923,0.01084,0.009294,0.008607,-0.005995,0.022596,0.005367,-0.008279,0.001458,-0.024773,0.006081,0.007416,-0.00988,0.003119,-0.002844,-0.002958,-0.001566,-0.005748
Samaritan_(n=7),0.08503171,0.14885,-0.05793929,-0.0918,-0.01050414,-0.03564357,-0.002558857,-0.007924429,0.01608629,0.007432571,0.008712857,-0.009703143,0.02014843,0.011551,-0.004998,0.002982286,-0.01035,0.0008297143,0.002579429,-0.003427429,-0.0007342857,0.002583571,0.0001092857,-0.002783429,0.005415714
Yemenite_Jew_(n=11),0.05122045,0.1449438,-0.06390491,-0.1133446,-0.01186218,-0.04596618,-0.01249827,-0.008055546,0.04832346,-0.007455091,0.01253346,-0.02622673,0.05408554,0.004854273,0.003935909,0.01716427,-0.02319673,0.005551364,0.005793546,0.02288582,0.01288627,0.01605246,-0.006935364,0.004995182,-0.005682546
Iraqi_Jew_(n=11),0.09136882,0.1385735,-0.06589318,-0.07537645,-0.02526336,-0.02233654,-0.0004913636,-0.008139455,-0.01052364,-0.001441454,0.003956364,-0.005967364,0.01232546,0.005004545,-0.009266,0.009389818,-0.005713182,0.0009097273,0.002388273,-0.009777454,0.001939636,-0.002169455,-0.003170818,-0.002212727,0.001643909
Syrian_Jew_(n=4),0.088213,0.1409047,-0.03893775,-0.068799,-0.00746275,-0.024124,-0.003055,-0.00369225,0.00265875,0.00974975,0.004141,-0.002248,0.00524,-6.9e-05,-0.00522525,-0.001094,-0.002836,0.0008235,0.0003145,-0.0041895,-0.00084225,-0.00102025,0.0013865,-0.00316275,0.00386175
Iranian_Jew_(n=15),0.09196907,0.1313419,-0.06481447,-0.063954,-0.0314724,-0.01688213,0.001519667,-0.0046614,-0.01195787,-0.0019926,0.006419867,-0.0040464,0.01211087,0.001798267,-0.002370533,0.007151,-0.01006573,0.003175733,0.006310067,-0.01097193,0.0008068667,-0.001376533,-0.003746667,-0.002916,0.002195333
Bukharian_Jew_(n=31),0.09289423,0.1113806,-0.05756561,-0.04468861,-0.03304836,-0.010193,0.001440323,-0.004444,-0.01715361,-0.005055613,0.0007490968,-0.004554097,0.007385032,-0.001238581,0.001558548,0.008849387,-0.003764323,0.002186484,0.002213935,-0.007249419,-0.001493258,-0.0005704516,-0.002814839,-0.001236,0.003519032
Sephardic_Jew_Turkey_(n=20),0.092538,0.14583,-0.0211186,-0.05986805,0.0069858,-0.02136291,-0.00401855,-0.00365745,0.0100011,0.01902545,0.00424645,0.00068185,0.0012858,-0.0007845,-0.00449235,-0.00304295,-0.00128425,-0.0013619,-0.00343795,-0.00353925,-0.0029198,-0.0039074,0.00425825,0.000735,0.00169435
Moroccan_Jew_(n=28),0.07622089,0.1460549,-0.02028364,-0.06180836,0.01127679,-0.02371571,-0.008082464,-0.003065857,0.01965625,0.0224215,0.005544464,-0.001514643,0.005526964,-0.004571,0.002355821,-0.003002286,-0.003171107,-0.004153571,-0.01071564,-0.002184,-0.00258025,-0.007030536,0.005568143,-0.002250643,0.001898857
Ashkenazi_Jew_(n=1209),0.09957275,0.1363339,-0.006896784,-0.04108387,0.01061471,-0.01489324,-0.001253541,-0.0004978145,0.00718321,0.01371356,0.00124569,-0.0009964617,0.00192047,0.00110643,-0.004853282,-0.001633821,-0.002481924,-0.0009297752,-0.0001320972,-0.003591126,-0.003471187,-0.002982698,0.001473316,0.002529103,5.461169e-05
Cochin_Jew_(n=21),0.04682995,-0.04618238,-0.1468078,0.08494905,-0.06798324,0.04965562,-0.001275714,0.008669952,0.03068838,0.01860538,-0.001693524,1.423809e-05,0.001104286,0.001015857,-0.002733809,-0.002007905,-6.2e-05,-0.001073857,0.0005447619,-0.002096191,0.002751048,-0.003674286,1.166667e-05,0.001147571,-0.002240905
Mumbai_Jew_(n=6),0.06298233,0.006601,-0.1197985,0.04225917,-0.05580533,0.02858633,0.0006658333,0.006115167,0.0201455,0.01488283,-0.001190833,-0.001473667,0.003592667,0.004518667,-0.003936167,-0.002674,-0.005215167,0.001604833,0.002220667,-0.003397333,0.0005408333,-0.003256,0.0006575,0.003976333,-0.002494667
Telugu_Jew_(Bene_Ephraim)_(n=4),0.02788675,-0.1213557,-0.192237,0.1306545,-0.07247475,0.0690255,0.00041125,0.02048,0.07255475,0.04624225,-0.0022735,0.00089925,0.0018585,0.0030965,-0.015506,-0.01229775,0.008051,-0.00133,0.00056575,0.01653925,0.00527175,0.0055645,0.000185,0.00674775,-0.00550825
Beta_Israel_(Ethiopian_Jew)_(n=6),-0.2325787,0.1047688,-0.03350083,-0.08241883,0.0011285,-0.03988133,-0.01319967,-0.0005383333,0.108091,-0.06885483,-0.002408667,-0.01268867,0.01778967,-0.0003441667,0.02252933,-0.01186683,0.009561333,0.001351333,0.005069833,0.002271833,0.006571667,0.01104617,-0.004149333,0.003092667,-0.001377333
Pashtun_Yusufzai_(n=41),0.07928822,0.01985558,-0.08899334,0.05852929,-0.06539446,0.03796332,0.003587342,0.00297178,-0.01420493,-0.01297961,-0.005204268,9.517073e-05,-0.0008653902,-0.008635512,0.01092051,0.01359793,-0.0008361951,0.000137439,0.001857024,-0.008160293,-0.003594049,-0.005495,0.002639268,-0.00302461,0.003595024
Pashtun_Ghilji_(n=17),0.08489853,0.03499682,-0.07067688,0.046512,-0.06057224,0.03205618,0.004147059,0.0003121765,-0.02356835,-0.01813777,-0.005970118,0.001269471,-0.001609059,-0.01050777,0.01228682,0.01723659,0.0001456471,0.0001118823,0.0008429412,-0.01202059,-0.001790941,-0.005782529,0.001631294,-0.003274588,0.004494059
Tajik_(n=16),0.08301956,-0.04036737,-0.02076519,0.0146965,-0.03983425,0.01227113,0.005977875,0.003057437,-0.02068244,-0.01293881,-0.01195587,-0.00167675,0.002573813,-0.009874437,0.006056375,0.01104644,0.0001956875,0.000958,0.001312,-0.002860875,-0.007619375,-0.001808375,0.000185,0.00105425,0.003120875
Persian_Fars_(n=13),0.08466685,0.1018257,-0.06849085,-0.02517969,-0.04417385,0.001308769,0.003723846,-0.003195154,-0.02799746,-0.01661146,0.001036769,-0.0007953846,0.002721692,-0.001947846,0.006566846,0.01239208,-0.004824308,0.001607923,0.002030538,-0.01093785,0.001151846,-0.003481308,0.0003033077,-0.004523154,0.004043615
Kalash_(n=23),0.08388261,0.02499087,-0.08403226,0.06659417,-0.07167878,0.04030574,0.003116304,0.002016739,-0.03092757,-0.02515656,-0.005591913,-0.000495087,-0.002391522,-0.01090209,0.016611,0.008762348,-0.01382074,0.00210413,0.0006721304,-0.01283226,-0.003922478,-0.005392261,0.002861522,-0.003426261,0.003352956
Sindhi_(n=9),0.06715567,-0.003272,-0.1175777,0.07317744,-0.07344956,0.04465356,0.0001827778,0.003435778,0.0009543333,-0.001133889,-0.006820333,-0.0009991111,-0.0007931111,-0.006544778,0.009229111,0.01492378,0.004447444,0.0006193333,0.002458,-0.01007433,8.3e-05,-0.006677333,-0.001383111,-0.003132778,0.003153333
Burusho_(n=20),0.07125325,-0.0373207,-0.08604005,0.06154765,-0.06590445,0.0387101,0.0034075,0.00311525,-0.01089095,-0.0103419,-0.01302365,-0.0015286,0.0001784,-0.0104111,0.00908645,0.0097321,1.295e-05,-0.00118455,0.0001381,-0.0064969,-0.00384945,-0.00114995,0.00374065,-0.0003495,0.00451445
Mizo_(n=112),0.01174814,-0.4123866,-0.0264961,-0.03314211,0.05345766,0.02430341,0.003436902,0.001673009,0.002103705,0.009455125,-0.04550651,-0.004649848,0.005169946,-0.0009769107,-0.009855482,-0.004944902,0.005968589,-0.002744196,-0.008374625,0.01107336,-0.004426321,0.03171469,0.004924366,0.003967759,0.04745401
Kuki_(n=6),0.0151765,-0.4167058,-0.0255815,-0.03353817,0.052574,0.027006,0.0034075,0.002615167,0.002147667,0.0054065,-0.046416,-0.004621,0.004088167,-0.0002063333,-0.0104505,-0.004574333,0.007844667,-0.003674,-0.01037,0.008316333,-0.002786833,0.026709,0.0076415,0.004217167,0.045026
Chin_(n=43),0.01350002,-0.4177132,-0.02580202,-0.0362436,0.05398493,0.02532726,0.004175349,0.001851465,0.004123767,0.009044,-0.04358046,-0.005227954,0.005780488,-0.0007584651,-0.008073861,-0.005670535,0.005497442,-0.001702861,-0.00829907,0.01011235,-0.002376674,0.02756014,0.004396814,0.002830163,0.04668293
Hmar_(n=4),0.01678875,-0.41459,-0.02734125,-0.031331,0.05254825,0.02433325,0.006874,0.0024805,0.0036815,0.007745,-0.04445375,-0.006594,0.00613225,-0.00096325,-0.008245,-0.00570125,0.00440025,-0.0037375,-0.008516,0.0078165,-0.00246425,0.02819275,0.00406675,0.00469925,0.04529525
Tripuri_(n=19),0.01911026,-0.3619027,-0.05234047,-0.007531,0.037432,0.03469984,0.00180579,0.002854158,0.01020468,0.01116453,-0.02737542,-0.003659895,0.004976105,0.0006663684,-0.008850421,-0.005429158,0.004831,-0.002647158,-0.007819842,0.007510211,-0.002397158,0.02272595,0.002276737,0.003811474,0.03564758
Naga_India_(n=5),0.0191222,-0.4389118,0.0018102,-0.0466412,0.0340986,0.0084782,0.004935,0.0018462,0.0010636,0.010096,-0.0811616,-0.0104008,0.0138552,-0.0039636,-0.010912,-0.0020948,0.0029204,-0.0031926,-0.0070892,0.006178,0.0006988,0.0268822,0.0076906,-0.0017832,0.0412178
Burmese,0.01935,-0.378792,-0.045506,-0.020026,0.050163,0.037557,-0.000548,0.000769,0.004772,0.009476,-0.02241,-0.001948,0.006095,-0.001422,-0.007872,-0.002166,0.007649,-0.003632,-0.006117,0.008379,-0.001081,0.022711,0.004519,0.004097,0.031734
Tibetan_(n=19),0.02366326,-0.4105412,0.003612474,-0.036312,0.01529016,0.006605316,0.007928421,0.006364158,0.004467316,0.01329358,-0.08207453,-0.01191058,0.01213532,-0.004548789,-0.01071495,-0.004354632,0.003719474,-0.003747316,-0.00664879,0.005278789,-0.0001641053,0.02492584,0.007712737,0.0004501579,0.033284
Igbo_(n=4),-0.6302955,0.0616935,0.021307,0.016796,0.0007695,0.0124805,-0.0360155,0.04372875,-0.046836,0.03366825,0.00495275,-0.000824,0.018211,0.00313075,0.00475025,-0.00543625,0.00668225,0.00392725,0.003771,-0.001032,-0.00034325,0.000371,-0.00320475,6.05e-05,-0.00074825
Yoruba_Nigeria_(n=38),-0.6300707,0.06379118,0.0216745,0.016422,0.0004616053,0.01315929,-0.0447324,0.04759726,-0.04880595,0.03346432,0.005316105,0.001849737,0.024443,0.001350842,0.01285413,-0.0105025,0.0072295,0.0005701316,0.006086421,-0.003096868,0.001080421,0.002372184,-0.001313579,-0.0007007895,7.557895e-05
Esan_(n=99),-0.6310859,0.06407062,0.0213321,0.01663613,-9.632323e-05,0.0133361,-0.04195305,0.04533145,-0.05029013,0.03442791,0.006434838,0.0004041616,0.02316404,0.002181091,0.01083566,-0.008499101,0.006349303,0.001396121,0.00532499,-0.001509556,0.001153232,0.002661667,-0.001516303,7.175758e-05,-0.0003604849
Mende_Sierra_Leone_(n=86),-0.6255241,0.06275021,0.02138191,0.01716783,0.0003793372,0.01119784,-0.02499299,0.02831367,-0.04093806,0.02934423,0.005468372,-0.004546558,0.01835274,0.0005617558,0.01163413,-0.008911267,0.008553791,0.006673244,0.0008754884,-0.001286942,0.0002467209,0.0004816279,-0.001060512,-0.000863,0.0003369767
Iran_N_Ganj_Dareh_(n=7),0.04406586,0.06615471,-0.1563436,0.006875286,-0.124067,0.02263,0.01567871,-0.0003954286,-0.08210171,-0.054827,-0.001020857,-0.001712714,0.004948429,-0.008119857,0.03383314,0.05580114,-0.006482143,0.009284429,0.009678857,-0.03503486,0.007540286,-0.02980029,-0.01197257,-0.03732043,0.02218771
Russia_MLBA_Sintashta,0.1258883,0.1166166,0.0574481,0.0786397,0.0113353,0.0290976,0.0058203,0.0043614,-0.0174254,-0.0282708,-0.0023059,0.0012189,-0.0021903,-0.0212305,0.0228779,0.0124501,-0.0050112,0.0003377,-0.0003519,-0.0003377,-0.0058895,0.0018218,0.0026744,0.0069286,-0.0036603
Onge,-0.022524,-0.244528,-0.132429,0.095965,0.029933,-0.004756,-0.007644,0.007579,0.054823,0.024439,0.023495,0.003218,-0.004061,0.008475,-0.012693,-0.011145,0.010918,-0.00162,-0.005981,0.02883,-0.003711,0.00969,-0.012824,-0.001123,0.004342
Han_Beijing_(Northern_China_Profile)_(n=65),0.02334255,-0.4465985,0.008586738,-0.06407823,0.05105799,0.02097254,0.005285738,0.001831877,-0.01062895,0.003594277,-0.07252023,-0.008826031,0.01106265,-0.005932554,-0.007310077,-0.001075061,0.0005937846,-0.0001383692,-0.003349415,-0.008861908,0.01090392,0.0071072,0.01223183,0.0008916,0.0010224
Yemeni_Arab_(n=8),0.02589463,0.1355731,-0.06071638,-0.1057427,-0.01065575,-0.04193812,-0.01272,-0.00761525,0.05376438,-0.003302875,0.01288963,-0.026283,0.05112075,0.005023375,0.0016795,0.01544675,-0.017944,0.004766625,0.0028125,0.01968113,0.010887,0.01451375,-0.005977375,0.006506625,-0.00395175
Iraqi_Arab_(Mesopotamian_Arab_Profile)_(n=22),0.05189295,0.1170627,-0.0622935,-0.06095891,-0.02834082,-0.018318,-0.003193864,-0.004080318,0.003644273,-0.006104954,0.004222046,-0.01051105,0.01967059,-0.001326136,0.001832364,0.01512723,-0.005410909,0.003282409,0.001159818,0.0008925,0.003261318,0.002338091,-0.003109273,0.0008325455,0.0005280455
Marathi_(n=7),0.03577314,-0.09342886,-0.1696504,0.1200186,-0.07218929,0.06247143,-0.001040714,0.01539486,0.05495829,0.03670757,-0.003108714,8.557143e-05,-0.002782,0.005760571,-0.008414571,-0.005170857,0.009350571,-0.001737286,-0.002873143,0.007503429,0.0041,0.002067,-0.0008274286,0.002496,-0.005097857
Italian_Tuscany_(Tuscan)_(n=138),0.1195472,0.1494594,0.01483891,-0.0218657,0.02654662,-0.0082475,0.0005500362,-0.0001856087,0.007339152,0.02452396,-0.0002906159,0.005791572,-0.01139301,-0.004821775,-0.002829449,-0.0006755362,0.002423413,0.001463355,0.003447587,-0.00348721,-0.001815667,0.002741826,-0.001121754,0.002969544,-0.0009432246
Amhara_(n=175),-0.2216104,0.1055164,-0.03530709,-0.0838711,3.514857e-05,-0.03886622,-0.01484748,-0.000269,0.1027726,-0.06336711,-0.00140768,-0.01267785,0.01809667,0.001310177,0.02138875,-0.01189441,0.009199143,0.0006638743,0.006373269,0.002354731,0.004360131,0.006697697,-0.00297344,0.002919389,-0.003452097
- Behar et al. The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people, Nature, 2010. nature.com/articles/nature09103
- Waldman et al. The genomic history of the Bene Israel and Cochin Jewish communities of India, and Middle Eastern founder ancestry in South Asia. cell.com/ajhg
- Ostrer & Skorecki The population genetics of the Jewish people, Human Genetics, 2013.
- Weil Double Conversion: The Bnei Menashe of Northeast India, and studies on their origin traditions and recognition.
- Bruder The Black Jews of Africa: History, Religion, Identity, Oxford University Press, 2008 (Igbo and Beta Israel traditions).
- Firasat et al. Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek and broader West-Eurasian contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan, European Journal of Human Genetics, 2007.
- TallBear Native American DNA: Tribal Belonging and the False Promise of Genetic Science, University of Minnesota Press, 2013 (on identity versus genetic ancestry).
- Davidski Global25 coordinates dataset.
- Vahaduo G25 analysis tool used for NNLS modelling.
- Moriopoulos 2026 collection Aggregated Global25 population averages and individual genomes from published studies.