137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes
Eurasian steppes
Study Information
Abstract
For thousands of years the Eurasian steppes have been a centre of human migrations and cultural change. Here we sequence the genomes of 137 ancient humans (about 1× average coverage), covering a period of 4,000 years, to understand the population history of the Eurasian steppes after the Bronze Age migrations. We find that the genetics of the Scythian groups that dominated the Eurasian steppes throughout the Iron Age were highly structured, with diverse origins comprising Late Bronze Age herders, European farmers and southern Siberian hunter-gatherers. Later, Scythians admixed with the eastern steppe nomads who formed the Xiongnu confederations, and moved westward in about the second or third century bc, forming the Hun traditions in the fourth–fifth century ad, and carrying with them plague that was basal to the Justinian plague. These nomads were further admixed with East Asian groups during several short-term khanates in the Medieval period. These historical events transformed the Eurasian steppes from being inhabited by Indo-European speakers of largely West Eurasian ancestry to the mostly Turkic-speaking groups of the present day, who are primarily of East Asian ancestry.
G25 Coordinates 130 samples
| # | Sample Name | G25 Coordinates | Copy |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kazakhstan_CentralSaka_o1.SG:DA10_noUDG.SG | 0.086506,-0.113739,0.046009,0.041667,-0.027082,0.0... |
|
| 2 | Kyrgyzstan_TianShan_Hun.SG:DA100_noUDG.SG | 0.083091,-0.090382,0.042238,0.044251,-0.038469,0.0... |
|
| 3 | Kyrgyzstan_TianShan_Hun.SG:DA101_noUDG.SG | 0.087644,-0.045699,0.024136,0.042959,-0.045547,0.0... |
|
| 4 | Kyrgyzstan_TianShan_Hun.SG:DA104_noUDG.SG | 0.085367,-0.099522,0.046009,0.039729,-0.050471,-0.... |
|
| 5 | Kyrgyzstan_TianShan_Hun:DA105 | 0.099026,-0.098506,0.049026,0.038437,-0.040623,0.0... |
|
| 6 | Kyrgyzstan_Medieval_Nomad_o.SG:DA106_noUDG.SG | 0.064879,-0.257944,0.058077,-0.004845,-0.050779,-0... |
|
| 7 | Kazakhstan_Central_Saka.SG:DA11_noUDG.SG | 0.083091,-0.120848,0.053174,0.046189,-0.032006,0.0... |
|
| 8 | Czechia_IA_Hallstatt.SG:DA111_noUDG.SG | 0.124067,0.152329,0.064865,0.023256,0.045855,0.007... |
|
| 9 | Czechia_IA_Hallstatt.SG:DA112_noUDG.SG | 0.132035,0.121864,0.076933,0.041344,0.05201,0.0030... |
|
| 10 | Kyrgyzstan_Medieval_Nomad.SG:DA116_noUDG.SG | 0.046667,-0.334109,0.079195,-0.024548,-0.06432,-0.... |
|
| 11 | Kyrgyzstan_Modern_Nomad.SG:DA117_noUDG.SG | 0.088782,-0.007109,-0.003771,0.021318,-0.042162,0.... |
|
| 12 | Kyrgyzstan_Medieval_Nomad.SG:DA118_noUDG.SG | 0.05122,-0.37473,0.084098,-0.027455,-0.077861,-0.0... |
|
| 13 | Slovakia_Poprad.SG:DA119_noUDG.SG | 0.122929,0.13405,0.061471,0.040698,0.042162,0.0186... |
|
| 14 | Kazakhstan_Kangju.SG:DA121_noUDG.SG | 0.103579,0.076165,0.006034,0.040052,-0.035391,0.01... |
|
| 15 | Kazakhstan_Kangju.SG:DA123_noUDG.SG | 0.093335,0.013202,0.015839,0.043928,-0.040623,0.01... |
|
| 16 | Kazakhstan_Medieval_Nomad.SG:DA124_noUDG.SG | 0.07057,-0.182795,0.02753,-0.005168,-0.042162,-0.0... |
|
| 17 | Kazakhstan_Kangju.SG:DA125_noUDG.SG | 0.103579,0.061947,0.021119,0.062339,-0.043085,0.02... |
|
| 18 | Kazakhstan_Medieval_Nomad.SG:DA126_noUDG.SG | 0.071709,-0.140143,0.03017,0.010336,-0.028313,0.01... |
|
| 19 | Kazakhstan_TianShan_Hun_o.SG:DA127_noUDG.SG | 0.050082,-0.314814,0.064111,-0.007429,-0.037238,-0... |
|
| 20 | Kazakhstan_Medieval_Nomad.SG:DA128_noUDG.SG | 0.046667,-0.337156,0.075801,-0.020672,-0.065243,-0... |
|
| 21 | Kazakhstan_Nomad_IA.SG:DA129_noUDG.SG | 0.093335,-0.015233,0.023381,0.054264,-0.049855,0.0... |
|
| 22 | Kazakhstan_Central_Saka.SG:DA13_noUDG.SG | 0.086506,-0.109677,0.060716,0.050388,-0.043393,0.0... |
|
| 23 | Russia_Sarmatian.SG:DA134_noUDG.SG | 0.114961,0.053823,0.041106,0.059755,-0.035391,0.03... |
|
| 24 | Russia_Sarmatian.SG:DA136_noUDG.SG | 0.108132,0.043668,0.037335,0.06137,-0.026466,0.022... |
|
| 25 | Russia_Sarmatian.SG:DA139_noUDG.SG | 0.105855,0.050776,0.027907,0.050711,-0.020311,0.01... |
|
| 26 | Russia_Sarmatian.SG:DA141_noUDG.SG | 0.106994,0.044683,0.032055,0.073644,-0.028928,0.03... |
|
| 27 | Russia_Medieval_Nomad.SG:DA142_noUDG.SG | 0.087644,-0.092413,0.05242,0.0323,-0.037545,-0.006... |
|
| 28 | Russia_Sarmatian.SG:DA143_noUDG.SG | 0.111547,0.054839,0.035826,0.076228,-0.03416,0.030... |
|
| 29 | Russia_Sarmatian.SG:DA144_noUDG.SG | 0.110408,0.045699,0.029793,0.073321,-0.023081,0.03... |
|
| 30 | Russia_Alan.SG:DA146_noUDG.SG | 0.105855,0.111708,-0.044877,0,-0.029852,0.023427,0... |
|
| 31 | Kazakhstan_Central_Saka.SG:DA16_noUDG.SG | 0.087644,-0.119832,0.057699,0.047481,-0.038469,0.0... |
|
| 32 | Russia_Alan.SG:DA160_noUDG.SG | 0.108132,0.09546,-0.022627,-0.023579,-0.030775,-0.... |
|
| 33 | Russia_Alan.SG:DA162_noUDG.SG | 0.108132,0.107646,-0.025644,-0.017119,-0.028928,0,... |
|
| 34 | Russia_Alan.SG:DA164_noUDG.SG | 0.114961,0.103584,-0.013199,-0.006137,-0.025235,0.... |
|
| 35 | Kazakhstan_CentralSaka_o2.SG:DA17_noUDG.SG | 0.106994,0.051792,0.009428,0.060724,-0.044316,0.03... |
|
| 36 | Lithuania_Late_Antiquity_low_res:DA171 | 0.138864,0.118817,0.096543,0.099484,0.061242,0.048... |
|
| 37 | Kazakhstan_Nomad_HP.SG:DA177_noUDG.SG | 0.0387,-0.395041,0.083344,-0.031977,-0.070475,-0.0... |
|
| 38 | Kazakhstan_Kipchak1.SG:DA179_noUDG.SG | 0.066017,-0.040621,-0.011314,-0.007429,-0.017234,0... |
|
| 39 | Kazakhstan_Nomad_IA_o.SG:DA18_noUDG.SG | 0.094473,0.03859,0.031678,0.065246,-0.035083,0.008... |
|
| 40 | Kazakhstan_CentralSaka_o2.SG:DA19_noUDG.SG | 0.104717,0.049761,0.023381,0.058786,-0.024312,0.01... |
|
| 41 | Russia_Saltovo-Mayaki_low_res:DA190 | 0.117238,0.100537,-0.013953,-0.01615,-0.052317,0.0... |
|
| 42 | Hungary_IA_Scythian.SG:DA191_noUDG.SG | 0.125205,0.131003,0.07995,0.038437,0.047701,0.0164... |
|
| 43 | Hungary_IA_Scythian.SG:DA194_noUDG.SG | 0.133173,0.13405,0.070144,0.037145,0.04924,0.01952... |
|
| 44 | Hungary_IA_Scythian_oAegean.SG:DA195_noUDG.SG | 0.118376,0.138112,0.037335,0.011951,0.032929,0.006... |
|
| 45 | Hungary_IA_Scythian.SG:DA197_noUDG.SG | 0.124067,0.145221,0.065619,0.035207,0.035391,0.011... |
|
| 46 | Hungary_IA_Scythian_oAegean.SG:DA198_noUDG.SG | 0.122929,0.158423,0.026398,-0.02907,0.029852,-0.00... |
|
| 47 | Hungary_Medieval.SG:DA199_noUDG.SG | 0.127482,0.122879,0.042992,0.021318,0.037238,-0.00... |
|
| 48 | Russia_Tagar.SG:DA2_noUDG.SG | 0.111547,0.012186,0.061848,0.062985,-0.014772,0.01... |
|
| 49 | Kazakhstan_Nomad_Hun_Sarmatian.SG:DA20_noUDG.SG | 0.039838,-0.409258,0.093526,-0.025194,-0.087709,-0... |
|
| 50 | Kazakhstan_Wusun:DA201 | 0.094473,-0.01828,0.041106,0.047481,-0.048932,0.01... |
|
| 51 | Kazakhstan_Wusun:DA201 | 0.094473,-0.01828,0.041106,0.047481,-0.048932,0.01... |
|
| 52 | Kazakhstan_Karakhanid:DA203 | 0.07057,-0.166547,0.022627,-0.001938,-0.045547,-0.... |
|
| 53 | Kazakhstan_Karakhanid:DA203 | 0.07057,-0.166547,0.022627,-0.001938,-0.045547,-0.... |
|
| 54 | Kazakhstan_Karakhanid:DA205 | 0.05805,-0.199044,0.027907,0.002907,-0.041854,-0.0... |
|
| 55 | Kazakhstan_Karakhanid:DA205 | 0.05805,-0.199044,0.027907,0.002907,-0.041854,-0.0... |
|
| 56 | Kazakhstan_Kangju.SG:DA206_noUDG.SG | 0.100164,0.063978,-0.010182,0.030362,-0.033545,0.0... |
|
| 57 | Kazakhstan_Nomad_IA:DA221 | 0.092197,-0.050776,0.039598,0.054587,-0.040623,0.0... |
|
| 58 | Kazakhstan_Nomad_IA:DA221 | 0.092197,-0.050776,0.039598,0.054587,-0.040623,0.0... |
|
| 59 | Kazakhstan_Wusun.SG:DA223_noUDG.SG | 0.100164,0.01828,0.015839,0.052972,-0.04924,0.0267... |
|
| 60 | Kazakhstan_Kangju.SG:DA226_noUDG.SG | 0.102441,0.045699,0.035072,0.050388,-0.016618,0.02... |
|
| 61 | Kazakhstan_Wusun:DA227 | 0.092197,0.013202,0.014708,0.059109,-0.038469,0.02... |
|
| 62 | Kazakhstan_Turk.SG:DA228_noUDG.SG | 0.081953,-0.098506,0.034695,0.006783,0.000923,0.00... |
|
| 63 | Kazakhstan_Kipchak2.SG:DA23_noUDG.SG | 0.073985,-0.209199,0.064488,0.015181,-0.057241,-0.... |
|
| 64 | Kazakhstan_Andronovo.SG:DA231_noUDG.SG | 0.112685,0.093429,0.064111,0.069445,-0.005539,0.02... |
|
| 65 | Russia_Alan.SG:DA243_noUDG.SG | 0.110408,0.102568,-0.015839,0.003876,-0.026466,0.0... |
|
| 66 | Kazakhstan_Sarmatian.SG:DA26_noUDG.SG | 0.113823,0.059916,0.045254,0.075582,-0.01508,0.022... |
|
| 67 | Kazakhstan_Nomad_Hun_Sarmatian.SG:DA27_noUDG.SG | 0.039838,-0.367622,0.060339,-0.020995,-0.037853,-0... |
|
| 68 | Kazakhstan_GoldenHordeAsian.SG:DA28_noUDG.SG | 0.040976,-0.410274,0.097297,-0.030685,-0.083092,-0... |
|
| 69 | Mongolia_Xiongnu_o2.SG:DA38_noUDG.SG | 0.067156,-0.129988,0.032055,0.048127,-0.050163,0.0... |
|
| 70 | Kazakhstan_GoldenHordeEuro.SG:DA29_noUDG.SG | 0.135449,0.125926,0.078441,0.068153,0.044931,0.028... |
|
| 71 | Russia_Tagar.SG:DA3_noUDG.SG | 0.10927,0.021326,0.060339,0.075259,-0.029544,0.020... |
|
| 72 | Kazakhstan_Sarmatian.SG:DA30_noUDG.SG | 0.100164,0.052808,0.013199,0.049419,-0.032621,0.02... |
|
| 73 | Armenia_LBA_LchashenMetsamor.SG:DA31_noUDG.SG | 0.103579,0.1046,-0.037335,-0.017442,-0.0397,-0.006... |
|
| 74 | Russia_UstIda_EBA.SG:DA343_noUDG.SG | 0.050082,-0.34528,0.101445,0.027455,-0.115098,-0.0... |
|
| 75 | Armenia_LBA_LchashenMetsamor.SG:DA35_noUDG.SG | 0.103579,0.120848,-0.040729,-0.01615,-0.044624,-0.... |
|
| 76 | Russia_UstIda_EBA.SG:DA353_noUDG.SG | 0.05122,-0.351373,0.10484,0.017442,-0.096633,-0.04... |
|
| 77 | Russia_UstIda_EBA.SG:DA356_noUDG.SG | 0.037562,-0.360513,0.101068,0.018088,-0.109867,-0.... |
|
| 78 | Russia_UstIda_EBA.SG:DA361_noUDG.SG | 0.035285,-0.359497,0.092017,0.018411,-0.100942,-0.... |
|
| 79 | Kyrgyzstan_TianShan_Hun.SG:DA385_noUDG.SG | 0.088782,-0.101553,0.046009,0.040698,-0.049548,0.0... |
|
| 80 | Mongolia_Xiongnu_o1.SG:DA39_noUDG.SG | 0.029594,-0.410274,0.047894,-0.04199,-0.012002,-0.... |
|
| 81 | Russia_Tagar.SG:DA4_noUDG.SG | 0.103579,0,0.060339,0.068476,-0.019696,0.004183,0.... |
|
| 82 | Mongolia_Xiongnu_o2.SG:DA41_noUDG.SG | 0.072847,-0.1635,0.036581,0.034884,-0.044316,0.010... |
|
| 83 | Mongolia_Xiongnu_o1.SG:DA43_noUDG.SG | 0.022765,-0.433631,0.008297,-0.066861,0.050471,0.0... |
|
| 84 | Mongolia_Xiongnu_o1.SG:DA45_noUDG.SG | 0.015935,-0.438709,0.00792,-0.062662,0.054164,0.02... |
|
| 85 | Kyrgyzstan_TianShan_Saka.SG:DA47_noUDG.SG | 0.08992,-0.021326,0.026398,0.057494,-0.045547,0.01... |
|
| 86 | Kyrgyzstan_TianShan_Saka.SG:DA49_noUDG.SG | 0.084229,-0.032497,0.027153,0.044897,-0.040315,0.0... |
|
| 87 | Russia_Tagar.SG:DA5_noUDG.SG | 0.101303,-0.028435,0.057699,0.07106,-0.028313,0.01... |
|
| 88 | Kyrgyzstan_TianShan_Saka.SG:DA50_noUDG.SG | 0.085367,-0.092413,0.042238,0.048773,-0.045547,0.0... |
|
| 89 | Kyrgyzstan_TianShan_Saka.SG:DA51_noUDG.SG | 0.102441,0.010155,0.021496,0.053295,-0.034776,0.02... |
|
| 90 | Kyrgyzstan_TianShan_Hun.SG:DA52_noUDG.SG | 0.093335,-0.078196,0.036204,0.05168,-0.040007,0.00... |
|
| 91 | Kyrgyzstan_TianShan_Saka_o2.SG:DA53_noUDG.SG | 0.101303,0.076165,-0.013199,0.056525,-0.044008,0.0... |
|
| 92 | Kyrgyzstan_TianShan_Hun.SG:DA54_noUDG.SG | 0.0774,-0.116786,0.055814,0.04845,-0.044316,0.0133... |
|
| 93 | Kyrgyzstan_TianShan_Saka.SG:DA55_noUDG.SG | 0.094473,-0.053823,0.049026,0.05168,-0.029544,0.01... |
|
| 94 | Kyrgyzstan_TianShan_Saka_o1.SG:DA56_noUDG.SG | 0.091058,-0.067025,0.047894,0.045543,-0.040315,0.0... |
|
| 95 | Kyrgyzstan_TianShan_Saka.SG:DA57_noUDG.SG | 0.097888,-0.025388,0.028661,0.050388,-0.044316,0.0... |
|
| 96 | Kyrgyzstan_TianShan_Saka.SG:DA58_noUDG.SG | 0.097888,0.005078,0.017725,0.052003,-0.042469,0.01... |
|
| 97 | Kyrgyzstan_TianShan_Saka:DA59 | 0.101303,-0.011171,0.029415,0.059109,-0.036007,0.0... |
|
| 98 | Russia_Tagar.SG:DA6_noUDG.SG | 0.110408,0.019295,0.059585,0.068799,-0.016618,0.02... |
|
| 99 | Kyrgyzstan_TianShan_Hun.SG:DA65_noUDG.SG | 0.080814,-0.087336,0.0445,0.031977,-0.02462,0.0066... |
|
| 100 | Kyrgyzstan_TianShan_Hun.SG:DA66_noUDG.SG | 0.0774,-0.098506,0.046009,0.055233,-0.040007,-0.00... |
|
| 101 | Kyrgyzstan_TianShan_Hun.SG:DA69_noUDG.SG | 0.095611,-0.04773,0.023004,0.041344,-0.047393,0.00... |
|
| 102 | Russia_Tagar.SG:DA7_noUDG.SG | 0.102441,0.012186,0.058077,0.072029,-0.036622,0.02... |
|
| 103 | Kyrgyzstan_TianShan_Hun_o.SG:DA70_noUDG.SG | 0.094473,0,0.010936,0.051357,-0.044624,0.004741,0.... |
|
| 104 | Kyrgyzstan_TianShan_Hun:DA71 | 0.091058,-0.089367,0.043369,0.028747,-0.037545,0.0... |
|
| 105 | Kyrgyzstan_TianShan_Hun.SG:DA72_noUDG.SG | 0.080814,-0.059916,0.041483,0.044574,-0.0397,0.006... |
|
| 106 | Kyrgyzstan_TianShan_Hun.SG:DA73_noUDG.SG | 0.079676,-0.084289,0.040729,0.041021,-0.040623,-0.... |
|
| 107 | Kyrgyzstan_TianShan_Hun.SG:DA74_noUDG.SG | 0.092197,-0.101553,0.047517,0.041667,-0.041238,-0.... |
|
| 108 | Russia_Tagar.SG:DA8_noUDG.SG | 0.104717,0.014217,0.061848,0.068476,-0.02185,0.019... |
|
| 109 | Kyrgyzstan_TianShan_Hun.SG:DA80_noUDG.SG | 0.079676,-0.071087,0.048649,0.049419,-0.047086,0.0... |
|
| 110 | Kyrgyzstan_TianShan_Hun_o.SG:DA81_noUDG.SG | 0.100164,0.002031,0.024136,0.049419,-0.041238,0.01... |
|
| 111 | Kyrgyzstan_TianShan_Hun.SG:DA82_noUDG.SG | 0.09675,-0.084289,0.038466,0.058786,-0.037545,0.00... |
|
| 112 | Kyrgyzstan_TianShan_Hun_o.SG:DA85_noUDG.SG | 0.086506,-0.015233,0.026021,0.057494,-0.047393,0.0... |
|
| 113 | Kyrgyzstan_Turk.SG:DA86_noUDG.SG | 0.063741,-0.205137,0.062979,0.026809,-0.059088,-0.... |
|
| 114 | Kazakhstan_Kimak.SG:DA87_noUDG.SG | 0.0774,-0.138112,0.043369,0.029393,-0.048317,-0.01... |
|
| 115 | Kazakhstan_Turk.SG:DA89_noUDG.SG | 0.079676,-0.074134,0.015085,0.020672,-0.05201,0.00... |
|
| 116 | Russia_Tagar.SG:DA9_noUDG.SG | 0.105855,0.005078,0.064488,0.079458,-0.016618,0.02... |
|
| 117 | Kazakhstan_Nomad_IA.SG:DA92_noUDG.SG | 0.100164,-0.097491,0.045632,0.076551,-0.049548,0.0... |
|
| 118 | Kazakhstan_Medieval_Nomad.SG:DA93_noUDG.SG | 0.069432,-0.183811,0.069767,0.030685,-0.055395,-0.... |
|
| 119 | Kazakhstan_Medieval_Nomad.SG:DA94_noUDG.SG | 0.081953,-0.139128,0.05242,0.039729,-0.058165,-0.0... |
|
| 120 | Kazakhstan_Nomad_HP.SG:DA95_noUDG.SG | 0.042115,-0.341218,0.082589,-0.020026,-0.077553,-0... |
|
| 121 | Kyrgyzstan_TianShan_Hun.SG:DA96_noUDG.SG | 0.084229,-0.096475,0.041106,0.04199,-0.034468,0.00... |
|
| 122 | Kyrgyzstan_TianShan_Hun_o.SG:DA98_noUDG.SG | 0.084229,-0.023357,0.011314,0.053941,-0.042469,0.0... |
|
| 123 | Kyrgyzstan_Medieval_Nomad.SG:DA99_noUDG.SG | 0.043253,-0.362544,0.086361,-0.02907,-0.077245,-0.... |
|
| 124 | Kazakhstan_Turk_Kangju_possibe.SG:DA224_noUDG.SG | 0.104717,0.05687,0.002263,0.045866,-0.03139,0.0203... |
|
| 125 | Kazakhstan_Kangju.SG:DA229_noUDG.SG | 0.094473,0.035544,0.028661,0.052003,-0.029852,0.01... |
|
| 126 | Kazakhstan_Wusun.SG:DA220_noUDG.SG | 0.104717,0.044683,-0.00528,0.051034,-0.045547,0.01... |
|
| 127 | Kazakhstan_Sarmatian.SG:DA202_noUDG.SG | 0.102441,0.04773,0.039975,0.068476,-0.015695,0.029... |
|
| 128 | Kazakhstan_Karakhanid.SG:DA204_noUDG.SG | 0.073985,-0.156392,0.031301,0.013889,-0.052933,0,0... |
|
| 129 | Kazakhstan_Karluk_2.SG:DA230_noUDG.SG | 0.060326,-0.147252,0.013199,-0.001292,-0.035391,0,... |
|
| 130 | Kazakhstan_Karluk_1.SG:DA222_noUDG.SG | 0.062603,-0.157407,0.024513,0.004522,-0.058472,-0.... |