On the Facebook page for this blog, a reader recently asked a fair question: could the Roma, Europe's largest and most persecuted ethnic minority, also be one of the lost tribes of Israel? He was not inventing the idea. A small but persistent current of rabbinic and Israeli commentary, running from Samuel Abukaya's writing on a supposed Tribe of Simeon to assorted British-Israelist pamphlets, has argued exactly this, sometimes pointing to shared persecution, sometimes to superficial resemblances in custom, once in a while to a claimed Y-chromosome haplogroup. It joins a long list of peoples who have been nominated for one of the ten missing tribes, a list this blog has already tested for the Pashtuns, the Bnei Menashe and the Igbo. Roma ancestry is, happily, one of the best-studied migration stories in modern population genetics, reconstructed independently through mitochondrial DNA, Y-chromosome haplotypes, genome-wide SNP data and a documented founder mutation for congenital glaucoma. All of it agrees on a single, un-Levantine answer: the Roma left the Indian subcontinent, specifically the Punjab-Rajasthan-Gujarat belt of the northwest, roughly a thousand to two thousand years ago, and travelled west along a route that never passed through ancient Israel at all.
A Fringe Claim, and a Well-Documented One
The Lost Tribes literature has always worked by analogy rather than evidence: a persecuted, dispersed, endogamous people is nominated as a match for a persecuted, dispersed, endogamous biblical tribe, and the resemblance is treated as a clue. Samuel Abukaya, an Israeli researcher writing for outlets such as Israel Today, has proposed the Roma as descendants of the tribe of Simeon on grounds of this kind, and clips repeating the claim, including some asserting that Roma carry Levantine Y-haplogroups such as J1, J2 or E1b1b, circulate on video platforms and Brit-Am-affiliated websites. None of this has the kind of institutional or halakhic standing that the Bnei Menashe or Beta Israel cases eventually achieved; it remains a minority position even within the small world of Lost Tribes identification. It is, however, exactly the kind of claim this blog's method was built to test, because a real Iron Age Levantine ancestor, like a real Native American or Israelite one, leaves a genetic mark that does not hide.
Against that fringe claim stands one of the most thoroughly cross-validated founder stories in human population genetics. The origins of the Romanis can be traced back to South Asia, with a likely migration north from present-day Rajasthan and Sindh to present-day Punjab around 250 BC, followed by a northwestward migration beginning in the fifth century that carried them through Persia and Armenia into the Balkans via Anatolia. The genome-wide study that first placed this on a rigorous statistical footing, Mendizabal and colleagues in 2012, used genome-wide data to locate Romani origins in the Indian subcontinent, highlighting genetically similar Indo-European-speaking groups from northwest India, in particular the Punjab region, as the source area, consistent with prior anthropological, linguistic and mitochondrial DNA evidence. Later work sharpened the geography further: a 2017 study using genome-wide SNP data on 179 Roma samples and 51 Indian ethnic groups found the most significant identity-by-descent sharing with ethnic groups of Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat states. A 2020 demographic reconstruction using an Approximate Bayesian Computation framework confirmed Punjab as the putative region of origin of Roma ancestors within the Indian subcontinent, finding that Roma ancestors split from the Punjabi population roughly 1.6 to 2 thousand years ago, close to earlier historical and genetic estimates of 1.2 to 1.5 thousand years. None of this literature, across more than a decade of independent mitochondrial, Y-chromosome and autosomal studies, has ever pointed toward the Levant.
Distance Doesn't Lie: Where Roma Actually Sit
Before any admixture modelling, a simple Euclidean distance ranking in G25 space makes the geography obvious. Ranking every population in this dataset by distance from the Roma of Czechia, the largest single Roma sample available here, shows the closest populations by a wide margin to be other Roma communities themselves, Bosnian, Romanian, Kosovan and Spanish Roma all sitting within 0.010 to 0.025 of each other regardless of which European country they have lived in for the last five centuries. That in itself is a first, informal confirmation of common origin: whatever local admixture each community has picked up, the shared founder signal beneath it is still strong enough to pull every Roma population in the dataset into one tight cluster, an ocean apart from their non-Roma neighbours.
Past that internal cluster, the next closest populations in the entire dataset are Rajasthani Jat at 0.098 and Punjabi Jat Sikh at 0.110, both roughly a third closer than the local European host populations Roma communities have lived alongside for half a millennium, Romanian at 0.138 and Czech at 0.162. Iron Age Israel, the proxy this site has used throughout its Lost Tribes coverage, sits at 0.169, marginally further from Roma Czechia than the Czech population itself. If Roma ancestry contained a genuine Levantine layer of any size, it would have to show up as a population sitting closer to Roma than Punjab or Rajasthan do. None does.
The Naive Trap: A Spurious Levantine Signal
Distance alone rules out any large Levantine component, but a careless admixture model can still manufacture the appearance of one, in exactly the way this site's Pashtun and Bnei Menashe coverage warned about. A three-source NNLS model built from a South Asian pole, Punjabi Jat Sikh, a single local European host population, and Iron Age Israel, returns a Levantine share of 18 to 26 percent for every Roma community tested, a number large enough to look, at first glance, like real evidence for the rabbinic claim.
That number is an artifact, and the mechanism is the same collinearity trap this site has flagged before in the Pashtun case. A single modern European population, whether Czech, Romanian or Bosnian, is itself a mixture of Anatolian-farmer-related ancestry and steppe-pastoralist-related ancestry, the two deep components that built the modern European genome after the Neolithic and Bronze Age. Iron Age Israel carries a large fraction of that same Anatolian-farmer-related ancestry, inherited independently through the Levant's own Neolithic history. When a model is offered only one European pole standing in for both of Europe's deep ancestral layers at once, it reaches for Iron Age Israel to soak up the farmer-related share of the signal that the single, blended European source cannot supply on its own, and reports the result as though it were Levantine descent. The fix is not to abandon the Levant test, but to give the model real, separate West Eurasian farmer and steppe sources so it no longer needs to borrow Israel_IA's help.
The Trap Dissolves: A Proper Distal Model
Rerunning the same populations through a four-source distal model, South Asian ancestry proxied by Punjabi Jat Sikh, an Anatolian Neolithic farmer source from Barcin in northwest Turkey, a steppe pastoralist source from the Sintashta culture of the Bronze Age Urals, and Iron Age Israel, collapses the spurious Levantine share almost to nothing.
Once the model has real farmer and steppe poles to draw on instead of a single blended European proxy, the residual assigned to Iron Age Israel falls to zero across most Roma communities tested and never exceeds five percent even where it survives at all, a figure well within the noise of a coordinate-based model working from population averages rather than individual genomes. The same four-source model, run as a control on Czech, Romanian and English averages with no South Asian ancestry at all, returns an equally negligible Levantine share, confirming that the near-zero result for Roma is not an artefact of the model construction but a genuine absence of Levantine ancestry. The rabbinic Lost Tribes claim for the Roma fails the same test that the Pashtun, Bnei Menashe and Igbo claims failed before it, and for an almost identical underlying reason: a single blended European or Iranian-plateau proxy can fool a naive model into manufacturing a Levantine signal that a properly decomposed one erases.
A Millennium of Dilution, Unevenly Distributed
What the same four-source model does confirm, cleanly and consistently, is the genuine South Asian core underneath all of that European admixture, and how unevenly the last thousand years of local intermarriage have worn it down. Published ADMIXTURE analysis has identified a complex West Eurasian component making up around 65 percent of Roma ancestry on average, the product of admixture events with non-Roma host populations between roughly 1270 and 1580 CE, layered on top of a Balkan genetic footprint found in every European Roma group and additional Baltic and Iberian components specific to the Northern and Western Roma respectively. Separately, direct comparison of Iberian Roma against other European Roma populations has found that the westernmost expansion of the Roma into the Iberian Peninsula shows the highest proportion of European-like ancestral components of any Roma population studied, with real geographic substructure inside Iberia itself.
The G25 model here lines up with that literature closely. The Roma of Czechia, Romania, Bosnia, Kosovo and the Turkish Balkans, communities with a long, comparatively continuous history in Southeastern and Central Europe, retain 64 to 69 percent South Asian ancestry a millennium after leaving the subcontinent, a remarkably high figure for a population that has lived as a minority inside much larger host societies for forty generations. Iberian Roma communities sit lower and more variably, from 34 percent in Barcelona up to 64 percent in Granada, and the Roma of Serbia, represented here by a single sample, come out lowest of all at 39 percent. That spread is not a contradiction in the data; it is the genetic signature of exactly the variation in local endogamy, host-population intermarriage and demographic bottleneck that the mitochondrial and autosomal literature on Iberian and Balkan Roma has already documented in detail, and it is a far more interesting finding than a single, flat percentage would have been.
Refining the Source: Punjab, Rajasthan, and the Dom Question
One further refinement is worth making explicit. Punjabi Jat Sikh was used as the South Asian pole throughout the models above because it is the best-attested single proxy in the literature, but it is not obviously the single best-fitting population in this dataset. The distance ranking from Roma Czechia actually places Rajasthani Jat marginally closer, at 0.098, than Punjabi Jat Sikh, at 0.110, and the wider literature has never claimed a single-population origin in the first place. Multilocus comparisons of classical genetic markers found strong affinities between Roma and both Rajput and Punjabi populations of northwestern India, and identity-by-descent analysis has found significant sharing not only with Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat but also with Pakistani groups including Balochi, Brahui, Burusho, Kalash, Makrani, Pashtun and Sindhi, a considerably wider catchment than a single ethnic group. Older genetic hypotheses tied Roma ancestry more specifically to the historically itinerant Dom communities and the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes of northern India; a 2012 study of the Y-chromosome haplogroup H1a1a-M82 proposed the ancestors of present-day Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, traditionally referred to collectively as the Doma, as the likely ancestral population of modern European Roma. The Banjara, a historically itinerant trading and pastoralist community of the Deccan sometimes discussed in this context, sit considerably further from the Roma in this dataset, at 0.219 to 0.269, ruling them out as a close proxy here even though they share a broadly comparable itinerant-caste social history. The honest picture is a northwest Indian catchment centred on Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat, not a single village of origin, exactly as the refined 2017 IBD study concluded.
Limits and Caveats
Several caveats apply. Punjabi Jat Sikh and Rajasthani Jat are modern proxies for a South Asian source population that has itself shifted over the last thousand to two thousand years, and neither is a literal ancestral population; the refined literature's Punjab-Rajasthan-Gujarat catchment, and its additional Pakistani IBD sharing, means any single-population NNLS source should be read as a directional stand-in rather than a precise ancestral match. The single European host used per Roma community, Czech, Romanian, Bosnian, Serbian, Albanian Gheg Kosovo, Turkish Balkans, Portuguese or Spanish Andalusian, is itself an approximation for whatever local population each Roma community actually intermarried with over five centuries, and is a clear collinearity risk on its own, which is precisely why the naive three-source model produced a spurious Levantine reading in the first place; the four-source distal model was built specifically to correct for this. Roma_Serbia, Roma_Kosovo and Roma_Turkey_Balkans are represented by only one or two individuals each in this dataset, and their percentages should be read as suggestive rather than as precise population averages. Finally, Iron Age Israel remains a proxy for an unsampled historical population, as in every other Lost Tribes article on this site, though the consistency of the near-zero result across a four-source model, a control test on non-Roma Europeans, and an independent distance ranking leaves little room for a genuine Levantine signal to be hiding in the noise.
Conclusion
The rabbinic claim that Roma descend from a lost tribe of Israel fails every test this site has applied to similar claims before it. Roma populations across Central Europe, the Balkans and Iberia cluster tightly with each other and with the Punjab-Rajasthan belt of northwest India, not with the Levant, at distances several times shorter than the gap separating them from their own European host populations of the last five hundred years. A naive admixture model can be coaxed into reporting a spurious 18 to 26 percent Levantine share, but that number evaporates the moment the model is given real Anatolian-farmer and steppe sources instead of a single blended European proxy, the same collinearity trap this site has documented before. What the same properly specified model does confirm is a genuine, substantial South Asian core, 64 to 69 percent in the Roma of Czechia, Romania, Bosnia, Kosovo and the Turkish Balkans, thinning to 34 to 39 percent in Barcelona and Serbia, a millennium-old founder signal still legible above a widely varying layer of local European admixture. The Roma are, on every axis this analysis can measure, an Indian diaspora people, not a Levantine one, and the persistence of the Lost Tribes claim in a small corner of Israeli and diaspora commentary says more about the enduring appeal of that origin story than about anything written in the genome itself.
Roma_Czechia_(n=84),0.087483976,0.056969,-0.05895006,0.024899929,-0.015168952,0.016490595,0.0031003333,0.0047512619,0.013472464,0.014291071,-0.00037952381,-0.00067675,0.0002649881,0.0086012619,-0.0093180952,-0.0085777143,0.003937381,0.00095603571,0.00059379762,0.0014192857,-0.0008685119,0.00022686905,0.0022497262,0.00049783333,-0.0018125238
Roma_Romania_(n=2),0.08992,0.0589005,-0.062979,0.017442,-0.0143105,0.0117135,0.0012925,0.0046155,0.017589,0.017039,-0.0006495,0.0061445,0.000149,0.004404,-0.0095005,-0.001127,0.012582,-0.0010135,-0.0001885,0.002126,-0.0013725,0.0014835,0.0032045,0.0050605,-0.0005985
Roma_Bosnia-Herzegovina_(n=3),0.091058667,0.06364,-0.058830667,0.024978667,-0.018772333,0.013108,0.00039166667,0.0025386667,0.016702667,0.014882333,0.00037866667,-0.00034966667,0.00094166667,0.008762,-0.010540667,-0.0052153333,0.008866,0.003125,0.0015083333,0.0010006667,-0.0020796667,0.00012366667,-0.00065733333,-0.0040163333,-0.0012773333
Roma_Serbia_(n=1),0.101303,0.088351,-0.014331,0.017765,0.007386,0.006693,0.001175,0.004154,0.003068,0.01221,-0.003735,0.002248,-0.001041,0.00578,-0.012758,0.009016,0.018515,0.004181,0.005908,-0.002001,0.004367,-0.000371,0.00456,-0.000482,-0.005748
Roma_Kosovo_(n=2),0.088031,0.066515,-0.0581465,0.019829,-0.0163855,0.007827,0.001844,0.000177,0.009791,0.013939,-0.0025255,0.000476,-0.003839,0.0134105,-0.014904,-0.01278,-0.004388,-0.002355,0.0008775,0.000992,-0.0038085,-0.001839,0.0047045,-0.003069,-0.0035475
Roma_Turkey_Balkans_(n=1),0.091058,0.057885,-0.078818,0.01938,-0.022773,0.015897,-0.00329,0.003923,0.020248,0.02041,-0.000487,-0.001349,0.000892,0.012937,-0.013843,-0.001856,0.011735,0.001774,0.003142,0.007379,-0.002121,-0.003462,-0.001972,-0.003374,-0.000838
Roma_Portugal_Porto_(n=5),0.0885546,0.076774,-0.0454806,0.0208658,-0.0057856,0.0162314,0.002914,0.0046612,0.0159528,0.0229618,-0.002923,0.0030276,-0.007195,0.0036884,-0.0096634,-0.009573,0.0002606,-0.001495,2.00E-07,0.006678,-0.0017222,-0.0037344,0.0019966,0.001639,-0.0032572
Roma_Spain_Barcelona_(n=6),0.10111267,0.099691167,-0.007417,0.014158167,0.0113355,0.0092961667,0.000235,0.0031151667,0.0184755,0.0261205,-0.00070366667,0.0028973333,-0.0083991667,-0.0024541667,-0.0022168333,-0.004044,0.0038465,-0.0021536667,-0.0010265,0.000021,-0.000416,-0.0014426667,-0.00341,-0.0060048333,-0.000039833333
Roma_Spain_Bilbao_(n=8),0.0904895,0.068928875,-0.045773,0.02026825,-0.003000375,0.017186625,-0.0001175,0.0023075,0.0192765,0.021594875,-0.0014005,-0.00001875,0.000167375,0.00696725,-0.0084995,-0.009330875,-0.00089625,0.00064925,-0.0001885,0.000516,-0.00209,0.00114375,0.00101675,-0.002093625,0.000568875
Roma_Spain_Granada_(n=7),0.082277714,0.068040429,-0.053551,0.018088,-0.010771143,0.014342714,0.0010071429,0.0060655714,0.021504429,0.019421,-0.00039442857,0.00079214286,-0.0053941429,0.0045612857,-0.0086472857,-0.0053982857,0.0020487143,-0.0038368571,-0.0020112857,0.00014285714,-0.0016042857,-0.0016955714,-0.000933,-0.0029952857,0.0048582857
Roma_Spain_Madrid_(n=4),0.0890665,0.07261025,-0.04978,0.020026,-0.0067705,0.01038875,0.005699,0.002077,0.0143165,0.0217775,0.003613,-0.00415875,-0.00412525,0.0023055,-0.00217125,-0.00298325,0.00345525,0.00057,0.00069125,0.00053175,0.0009045,0.003926,0.00443675,-0.0010845,0.00311325
Punjabi_Jat_Sikh_(n=60),0.07764635,0.01067995,-0.090471233,0.08131525,-0.06607895,0.0471278,0.0022520833,0.0040075333,-0.0015885167,-0.0097799333,-0.0052208,-0.00036721667,-0.00089193333,-0.0082734833,0.012165067,0.0098889833,-0.0035724833,0.00069045,0.0019797833,-0.0097567167,-0.0025226667,-0.0049956167,0.00153445,-0.0012752667,0.001892
Punjabi_Lahore_(n=39),0.069899128,-0.0070826154,-0.11564072,0.078911385,-0.073923026,0.047461487,0.0022174103,0.0067630513,0.0010016667,-0.0024484872,-0.0053338205,-0.00046874359,0.00035451282,-0.0057555641,0.0091106667,0.0093424872,-0.0040218205,0.00099071795,0.0013633077,-0.010072103,-0.0019037949,-0.0059828718,0.0019214615,-0.0027744872,0.00078305128
Rajasthani_Jat_(n=5),0.083914,0.023917,-0.0746184,0.081076,-0.0572454,0.0443448,0.0001906,0.0035514,-0.0074674,-0.0123724,-0.0012076,0.0004522,0.000681,-0.0114866,0.0115142,0.01051,-0.006123,0.0014592,0.0021156,-0.0069168,-0.0043212,-0.0049102,0.0037684,0.0033296,0.0024716
Rajasthani_Rajput_(n=6),0.067534833,-0.0040621667,-0.12124417,0.081772833,-0.078117,0.050153833,0.0024675,0.0065766667,0.000784,-0.0050721667,-0.0064413333,1.67E-07,0.0014123333,-0.0077756667,0.010201833,0.017148333,0.0020425,-0.0016683333,0.0014036667,-0.0127145,-0.00029116667,-0.009995,0.002198,-0.0048598333,0.0030535
Punjabi_Rajput_(n=9),0.071708556,-0.0038366667,-0.10949067,0.079888667,-0.069995889,0.048403111,0.00188,0.0063075556,0.0031587778,-0.0023286667,-0.005413,0.0013154444,-0.0010736667,-0.0086702222,0.0084147778,0.0093107778,0.00088366667,0.00070388889,0.0011733333,-0.0088513333,0.0018716667,-0.0042041111,0.0012735556,-0.0032265556,0.0030202222
Punjabi_Sikh_India_(n=47),0.072749894,0.00075629787,-0.10378043,0.080722511,-0.070121,0.047708064,0.0016350213,0.0043991489,-0.0008442766,-0.0054166809,-0.0057630426,-0.00017219149,-0.00034793617,-0.0070803617,0.010372532,0.0084885957,-0.0039448085,0.0010835319,0.00077291489,-0.010388064,-0.0022964681,-0.005469617,0.00085746809,-0.00071785106,0.000428
Sindhi_(n=9),0.067155667,-0.003272,-0.11757767,0.073177444,-0.073449556,0.044653556,0.00018277778,0.0034357778,0.00095433333,-0.0011338889,-0.0068203333,-0.00099911111,-0.00079311111,-0.0065447778,0.0092291111,0.014923778,0.0044474444,0.00061933333,0.002458,-0.010074333,0.000083,-0.0066773333,-0.0013831111,-0.0031327778,0.0031533333
Gujarati_(n=107),0.055773355,-0.050795411,-0.15153554,0.10751143,-0.079971701,0.062951112,-0.00085873832,0.011671654,0.031217607,0.016973542,-0.0064621308,0.00071150467,-0.001946486,-0.00010421495,0.0012329065,0.00029120561,-0.0011612804,0.000097074766,0.000052906542,-0.0055938411,0.0023183178,-0.0039441589,0.0019454766,0.0010348692,-0.0037043458
Banjara_(Lambada)_Telangana_(n=5),0.041204,-0.0846952,-0.1620862,0.113697,-0.0714594,0.0634756,-0.001974,0.0146762,0.0474086,0.0281006,-0.0019812,0.0014686,0.0005946,0.0058352,-0.001113,-0.005675,0.000652,-0.0002788,0.000352,0.004327,0.0050908,-0.0002224,-0.0025634,0.0020726,-0.0070172
Banjara_(Lambada/Sugali)_Andhra_Pradesh_(n=4),0.02561025,-0.1183095,-0.18450625,0.131785,-0.07586025,0.0654695,-0.00370125,0.0129225,0.06831075,0.04801925,-0.00308525,0.00056225,-0.00219275,0.003406,-0.0148275,-0.00659625,0.01049575,0.00053825,-0.00292225,0.0055965,0.0030885,0.006059,-0.00030825,0.00322325,-0.002784
Czech_(n=175),0.13163803,0.13281957,0.060992263,0.046277594,0.038108063,0.017369286,0.0069869771,0.0084009486,0.0016887657,-0.0083036971,-0.0027865486,-0.0023944229,0.0045328629,0.011082937,-0.0025476743,0.00090917143,0.0012196457,0.00019032571,0.0033364171,0.0013585314,-0.0015971829,-0.0012711543,0.0044587257,0.0015774571,-0.00014030857
Romanian_(n=18),0.12441661,0.13236533,0.037712284,0.0096262456,0.028399804,0.0055858344,0.0051481394,0.0032114994,0.00024793333,0.0035779122,-0.0010433017,-0.0024870372,0.0022327644,0.012305552,-0.011164674,-0.0040197344,0.0010655294,0.00071421278,0.0050714167,-0.0042968017,-0.0056154117,-0.00083631389,0.0033451322,0.00052796333,0.00012296778
Bosnian,0.129075,0.134862,0.044953,0.024807,0.031206,0.009873,0.004841,0.005215,-0.002413,-0.001859,0.000422,-0.002817,0.00556,0.016239,-0.012541,0.001008,0.006676,-0.000583,0.004827,0.003026,-0.005091,-0.003438,0.007518,0.001229,-0.001629
Serbian,0.127311,0.137587,0.039943,0.015698,0.032068,0.004895,0.004653,0.006411,0.000508,0.001488,-0.001378,-0.001474,0.002859,0.012297,-0.013746,-0.001772,0.00583,0.000289,0.00591,-0.002357,-0.007726,-0.000998,0.00502,-0.000207,-0.001579
Albanian_Gheg_Kosovo_(n=54),0.12479239,0.14563498,0.019777667,-0.013549463,0.026465537,-0.005356537,0.0038550926,0.0012128148,0.0015589444,0.017337019,0.00011948148,0.0035290741,-0.005771463,0.0081608889,-0.017946685,-0.0041111481,0.0095997778,0.00031774074,0.0087359815,-0.0068590741,-0.010469778,0.0013533148,0.0029516852,0.0028974259,-0.0022041111
Turkish_Balkans_(Balkan_Profile)_(n=7),0.12276643,0.13463014,0.018694429,-0.0098745714,0.019564,-0.0014342857,0.0039614286,0.0040547143,-0.0024544286,0.010413429,-0.0024125714,-0.00023557143,0.0014441429,0.010656,-0.011381,-0.0028412857,0.0040232857,0.0011582857,0.0060332857,-0.0073785714,-0.010089429,0.0010952857,0.0055638571,0.00080885714,-0.0018304286
Portuguese_(n=54),0.10437014,0.1448952,0.037173499,-0.0034089926,0.04220484,-0.0033778874,-0.003401937,0.0029970748,0.025839181,0.029040641,-0.0023557796,0.0062321719,-0.012222189,-0.011196649,0.010799551,-0.0015183393,-0.0030798074,-0.00096792444,-0.0043671878,-0.00083191259,0.001744523,-0.0023202933,0.0012529078,-0.0018361115,-0.00036340611
Spanish_Andalusia_(Andalusian)_(n=33),0.10795939,0.14555918,0.036386424,-0.0041598485,0.044129303,-0.0056200303,-0.0024568182,0.002517303,0.024505606,0.032012788,-0.0020470909,0.0063306364,-0.012401788,-0.01148103,0.0096484545,-0.0013219394,-0.0057527576,-0.0013168182,-0.0040375152,-0.0014779091,0.0026128182,-0.00067075758,-0.0018262727,-0.0039141818,0.0012046667
Turkey_Barcin_LN.SG,0.112685,0.182795,0.010936,-0.10013,0.055087,-0.046854,-0.00235,-0.002769,0.046836,0.081642,0.008607,0.010191,-0.015758,0.006193,-0.040173,-0.020021,0.00352,0.000507,0.011816,-0.014132,-0.008735,0.006306,-0.010969,-0.00494,-0.00467
Russia_MLBA_Sintashta,0.1258883,0.1166166,0.0574481,0.0786397,0.0113353,0.0290976,0.0058203,0.0043614,-0.0174254,-0.0282708,-0.0023059,0.0012189,-0.0021903,-0.0212305,0.0228779,0.0124501,-0.0050112,0.0003377,-0.0003519,-0.0003377,-0.0058895,0.0018218,0.0026744,0.0069286,-0.0036603
Israel_IA,0.084229,0.147252,-0.063356,-0.09367,-0.016311,-0.047969,-0.008695,-0.003923,0.01084,0.009294,0.008607,-0.005995,0.022596,0.005367,-0.008279,0.001458,-0.024773,0.006081,0.007416,-0.00988,0.003119,-0.002844,-0.002958,-0.001566,-0.005748
- Mendizabal et al. Reconstructing the Population History of European Romani from Genome-wide Data, Current Biology, 2012. sciencedirect.com/S0960982212012602
- Rai et al. Recent Common Origin, Reduced Population Size, and Marked Admixture Have Shaped European Roma Genomes, Molecular Biology and Evolution, 2020. academic.oup.com/mbe/37/11/3175
- Melegh et al. Refining the South Asian origin of the Romani people, BMC Genomic Data, 2017. link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-017-0547-x
- Font-Porterias et al. European Roma groups show complex West Eurasian admixture footprints and a common South Asian genetic origin, PLOS Genetics, 2019. journals.plos.org/plosgenetics
- Genetic footprint study The genetic footprint of the European Roma diaspora: evidence from the Balkans to the Iberian Peninsula, Human Genetics, 2025. link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-025-02735-z
- Wikipedia contributors History of the Romani people; Romani people in Romania. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Romani_people
- Abukaya / Israel Today Are Europe's Gypsies the Lost Tribe of Simeon?, commentary representing the rabbinic-fringe claim addressed in this article. israeltoday.co.il
- Davidski Global25 coordinates dataset.
- Vahaduo G25 analysis tool used for NNLS modelling.
- Moriopoulos 2026 collection Aggregated Global25 population averages from published studies.